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Unit 1 Statistics
Unit 1 statistics terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Population | A particular group of interest |
| Variable | A value or characteristic that changes among members of the population |
| Data | The counts, measurements, or observations gathered about a specific variable in a population in order to study it |
| Census | A study in which data are obtained from every member of the population |
| Parameter | A numerical description of a population characteristic |
| Sample | A subset of the population from which data are collected |
| Sample Statistics | Numerical descriptions of sample characteristics |
| Descriptive Statistics | Gathers, sorts, summarizes, and displays data |
| Inferential Statistics | Uses descriptive statistics to estimate population parameters |
| Qualitative Data | Labels or descriptions of traits |
| Quantitative Data | Counts or measurements |
| Continuous Data | Quantitative data that can take on any value in a given interval and are usually measurements |
| Discrete Data | Quantitative data that can take on any particular values and are usually counts (whole numbers) |
| Nominal | Qualitative data consisting of labels or names |
| Ordinal | Qualitative data that can be arranged in a meaningful order, and differences between data entries are meaningful |
| Interval | Quantitative data that can be arranged in a meaningful order, and differences between data entries are meaningful |
| Ratio | Quantitative data that can be ordered, differences between data entries are meaningful, and the zero point indicated the absence of something |
| Observational Study | Researchers observe characteristics and take measurements |
| Experimental Study | Researchers impose treatments and controls and then observe characteristics and take measurements |
| Simple Random Sampling | Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected |
| Stratified Sampling | The population is divided into subgroups (strata) that share similar characteristics, and samples are taken from each stratum |
| Cluster Sampling | The population is divided into subgroups (clusters), often based on geography or another natural grouping. Entire clusters are randomly selected, and all members of chosen clusters are sampled. |
| Systematic Sampling | Every nth member of the population is selected after a random starting point |
| Convenience Sampling | Samples are taken from a group that is easily accessible to the researcher |
| Explanatory Variable | Independent variable, treatment |
| Response Variable | Dependent variable, effect of treatment |
| Subjects/Participants | People who participate in an experiment |
| Treatment Group | Group that receives the treatment/intervention being studied |
| Control Group | Group that DOES NOT receive the treatment/intervention being studied. Used as a "benchmark" to compare the results of the treatment group |
| Single-Blind Study | Researcher knows which subjects are in which group |
| Double-Blind Study | Researcher DOES NOT know which subjects are in which group |
| Placebo Effect | Individuals experience real changes in their health/behavior after a treatment that has no therapeutic effect, simply because they believe they are receiving an active treatment |
| Frequency Distribution | A summary that shows how often each value (or range of values) occurs in a data set |
| Class Width | The difference between the lower limits of two consecutive classes in a frequency distribution (table) |
| Lower Class Limit | The smallest value that can belong to a particular class in a frequency distribution |
| Upper Class Limit | The largest value that can belong to a particular class in a frequency distribution |
| Class Boundary | The halfway point between the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the next class |
| Relative Frequency | Frequency/total |
| Cumulative Frequency | The sum of the frequencies of all classes up to and including a particular class |
| Midpoint | Between lower and upper limits. ((UCL-LCL)/2)+LCL |
| Uniform Graph | All bars of the histogram are approximately the same height |
| Symmetric Graph | The histogram has two halves that are mirror images of each other |
| Skewed to the Right Graph | Peak is on the left, tail is longer on the right |
| Skewed to the Left Graph | Peak is on the right, tail is longer on the left |
| Mean | Arithmetic Average (add all the values up and divide by the total number of data values) |
| Median | "Middle Value"- write all the data values in order from smallest to largest, then find the middle value. If 2 "middle values", find the average of the 2 |
| Mode | Value that occurs most frequently- no mode, one mode (unimodal), two modes (bimodal), more than two modes (multimodal) |
| Weighted Mean | Average where different categories contribute differently to the final result, based on its assigned weight |
| Range | The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set. Gives us a quick sense of how spread out the data are. Max-Min |
| Variance | How much the values in the data set differ from the mean of the data set. The larger the variance, the more spread out the data points are from the mean |
| Standard Deviation | The square root of the variance. Provides a measure of the average distance each data point is from the mean. The larger the standard deviation, the more spread out the data are. |
Created by:
Thebestb
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