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Chem Ch1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Chemistry? | Branch of science that studies: What matter is made of (the substances and materials around us). How substances behave and change when they interact or combine. How we can use these changes to create new substances. |
| Science is... | a way of learning about what is in the natural world, how the natural world works, and how the natural world got to be the way it is. |
| Scientific Method | To understand matter (elements, molecules, atoms etc.) scientists rely on the scientific method. This is how science and its theories are carried out and refined. |
| What is a Hypothesis? | An educated guess or proposed explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proven. |
| 1st step of a Scientific Method | Ask Question: What do you want to learn? Ex: "Why do plants grow taller in the sunlight?" |
| 2nd step of a Scientific Method | Gather information to understand the topic better and see what others have already learned. Ex:"Look up how sunlight affects plant growth & what processes are involved" |
| 3rd step of a Scientific Method | Form a hypothesis: Make an educated guess about the answer to your question, based on what you've learned. Ex. "If plants are exposed to more sunlight, they'll grow taller after" |
| 4th step of a Scientific Method | Test your hypothesis by setting up an experiment where you can control variables & observe results. Ex: "Grow 2 sets of plants, 1 in sun & 1 in shade, measure their height" |
| 5th step of a Scientific Method | Analyze data: Examine results of exprmt. Did the plants in the sun grow taller? What #'s or trends did you observe? Ex:"Compare the average height of plants in the sun and shade" |
| 6th step of a Scientific Method | Draw a Conclusion: Decide whether your hypothesis was correct based on the data. If the hypothesis was wrong, try to understand why. Ex:"The plants in the sun grew taller, supporting the hypothesis" |
| 7th step of a Scientific Method | Publish/Share findings so others can learn from your experiment & test it out themselves. Ex:"Write a report or present your findings to a class/comm. |
| How does a scientific theory differ from a law? | Something that answers why and it has been tested repeatedly and has so far always been true. A law is a mathematical statement that tells how something happens. |
| Why can't a theory become a law? | A misconception is that a s.t becomes a s.l after finding more evidence supporting it but that isn't the case. Scientific theory & scientific law are 2 difrnt terms serving different purposes. thus, a scientific theory can't become a scientific law |
| Scientific Theory | A well-tested and widely accepted explanation for a phenomenon or a group of phenomena in the natural world. |
| Purpose of a Scientific Theory | It tells us why something happens |
| Example of a Scientific Theory | Theory of Evolution explains why species change over time based on genetic variation & natural selection. It's supported by extensive evidence from fields like genetics, paleontology & biology. |
| Scientific Law | A statement that describes a consistent and universal relationship observed in nature. Doesn't explain why something happens; only describes what happens under certain conditions |
| Purpose of Scientific Law | Tells us what happens, but not why it happens |
| Scientific laws change: T or F | Generally don't change but might be modified if new discoveries show exceptions. |
| Scientific Theories DO change: T or F | Can be modified or replaced if new evidence shows that they aren't entirely correct |
| Example of Scientific Law | Newton's Law of Gravity states that objects that are attracted to each other with a force that depends on their masses & the distance between them. It describes the attraction, but doesn't explain WHY gravity exists |
| What did Lavoisier and other scientists study? | Studied how elements combine to form compounds |
| What approach did Lavoisier & the other scientists use for their experiments? | Scientific Method |
| Matter | Anything that has mass & occupies space |
| Element | A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances. Compose of only one kind of atom |
| Atom | Smallest particle of an element that cannot be chemically or mechanically divided into smaller particles. |
| Compounds | Pure substances that are composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically bonded in fixed proportion |
| Substances | elements and/or compounds - things that cannot be separated by any physical process |
| Molecules | A collection of chemically bonded atoms. |
| What's the difference between molecules and compounds? | A molecule is a group of 2 or more atoms chemically bonded together, while a compound is a substance formed by combining 2 or more difrnt elements chemically in a fixed ratio, meaning all compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds |
| T or F: "All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds" | True |
| Molecular formula | A chemical formula that indicates how many atoms of each element are in one molecule of a pure substance |
| Empirical formula | A chemical formula in which the subscripts represent the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms or ions in a compound |
| Empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is... | HO |
| Molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is... | H2O2 |
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