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CRIM 326 test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homicide | the killing of a human being by another human being |
| Murder | the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought |
| Filicide | murder of a child by a parent |
| Infanticide | murder of a child in the first year of life |
| Neonanticide | killing of a child in the infants first 24 hours of life |
| Fatal Child Assault | death of a child from acts of violence perpetrated by another person |
| Parricide | killing of one's father, mother or other close relative |
| Patricide | killing of one's father |
| Matricide | killing of one's mother |
| Fratricide | killing of one's brother or sister |
| Uxoricide: aka, intimate partner homicide, domestic homicide or spousal homicide | killing of an individual by their intimate partner; usually a spouse |
| Eldercide | homicide of a person age 65 years or older |
| Homicide-Suicide - aka murder suicide or dyadic death | killing of one or more indivduuals followed bu the suicide of the perpetrator I.e. spouse or spouse and children |
| Sexual Homicide | homicide in which some form of sexual activity occurs with the victim prior to, during, or after the death of the victim |
| Mass Murder aka Multicide | killing of multiple victims during a single event, with roughly the same location or place and occurring at the same time |
| Spree Homicide | lies between mass murder and serial murder - homicides at multiple locations over a relatively short period of time that can be hours, days or weeks I.e. clear the offender did not go through cooling off period Most cases designated as homicide |
| Correlates of homicide - RACE | Blacks = between 5-10 times more likely than whites to kill or be killed One explanation - adversary effect |
| Adversary Effect | = offender’s tactical response to the threat posed by an adversary If someone is posing a threat that is how you respond |
| Correlates of Homicide - SEX | UCR = females accounted for 7.7% of homicides in the US Females - more likely to kill intimates in a domestic context, at home |
| Correlates of Homicide - AGE | Younger individuals more likely to kill and be killed Individuals aged between 15-34 account for half of the homicide in the US Routine Activities Theory - young people spend more time outside the home, later at night, go to risky places (bars, clubs) |
| Southern Effect | homicide more prevalent in southern parts More temperate weather enabled greeted social interaction, thus more opportunities for conflict and violence Not enough to explain but good starting point |
| Southern Subculture of Violence | Honour based culture that exists in the south potentially conduct to violent provocation and retaliation Slight affronts and provocation (i.e. arguments, staring at someone, bumping into someone) = direct threats that must be responded to with agg |
| Degree of 'Southerness' | assign states considered south, based on state of residence - nothing in there saying you’re coming from the south, raised in the south - states in the south |
| Herding economies and the culture of honour culture | Herders are vulnerable economically and invest considerable resources in their herds; theft = financial difficulties Herders cultivated a swift violent response to anyone who attempted to steal their animals |
| Homicide and the code of the street perspective | kill or be killed subcultural theory of African American violence specific to large urban centers in the US; |
| Decent people from code of the street perspective | Prosocial and abides by conventional norms of society Value school, work, self-discipline Crime or violence are not adequate courses of action even to resolve disputes |
| Prosocial people from code of the street perspective | Antisocial, tacitly or explicitly reject involvement in conventional social institutions Extensively involved in crime and violence, especially to resolve interpersonal disputes The use of violence - even homicide - is expected and culturally normative |
| Fatalism and hopelessness code of the street | Greater feelings of hopelessness = greater likelihood of identifying with the street code attitudes Compatible with the fatalism inherent to the ‘kill or be killed’ culture that typifies crime ridden neighbourhoods Created their own rules |
| Empirical Linkages that support code of the street | Young black males account for 1% of the US population by account for between 10 to 35 times that proportion of homicide offender and victim; Repeat shootings in Phily: increased likelihood of a shooting within 2 weeks and 1 city block of a prior shooting |
| "Cool Pose" | homicides more common among younger and employed african americans I.e. saving face, being macho - image trying to exhibit I.e. threatening - the only appropriate way to respond within this type of environment - lethal violence or homicide |
| Lifestyle theory | Criminal involvement is largely stratified by the roles, behaviors and customs of various social statuses Offenders and victims tend to match demographically because crime represents social interaction and social access among similarly situated people |
| Homogeneous interactions | People tend to associate with others who are most like themselves |
| Lifestyle Criminality | life of pattern of irresponsible, self indulgent, interpersonally intrusive, and social rule-breaking behaviour |
| Lifestyle Criminality components | Irresponsible, self-indulgent, interpersonally, interpersonal intrusiveness, social rule breaking behaviour, disresponsibility |
| Irresponsibility - lifestyle criminality component | generalized unwillingness to be accountable for one;s behaviour, involves a neglect of the social and moral obligations to others (i.e. poor financial management, skip school or work) |
| Self-Indulgent - lifestyle criminality component | comprised of a lack of self-restraint and repeated desire to search for personal pleasure (i.e. unfaithful, substance abuse) |
| Interpersonal intrusiveness - lifestyle criminality component | most destructive aspect of the criminal lifestyle - involves aggressive and violent acts, interpersonal hostility, abuse of others and a desire to control others (i.e. repeated acts of harm) |
| Social Rule Breaking - lifestyle criminality component | disregard for societal norms, and problem with authority (i.e. getting into trouble at school/work, expulsions, repeated arrests) |
| Disresponsibility | an intellectual effort or rationalization in which a person attributes his or her actions to other causes and other people (aka blame externalization) |
| Empirical Links to Lifestyle Criminality | Linkqvist (1986) - homicide offenders and victims very strongly matched on a variety of demographic, lifestyle and behavioral characteristics Scheyett et al (2013): 64% of prison releases were homicide; resulting from argument or ongoing activity |
| Self-Control | ability to regulate one's emotions and behaviors especially toward long-term consequences versus short-term benefits behavioral differences between criminal and noncriminals as well as between those who commit violent acts (i.e. homicide) and not |
| Sensation Seeking | tendency to seek novel experiences and excitement often in an impulsive way - discounts future costs of behaviour |
| Self-control theory | Arguing self control is an important reason to distinguish criminals between non criminals - Opportunity equally important |
| Gottfredson & Hirschi (1990): Self-control theory: | Low self-control causes crimes and other forms of maladaptive beh Low gratification delay Low persistence High activity level/physicality Temper Low cognitive or verbal skills High self-centredness or narcissism |
| Empirical Linkages to Self-Control Theory | offenders with low-self-control were most likely to be violent victimized - including homicide victimization such as being shot or stabbed during a robbery Disorg murderer in sexual homicide Charac by chaos |
| Sexual Homicide (FBI) | Lack of attire, exposure of sexual parts of the body, sexual position of the victims body, insertion of foreign objects in victims body cavities, evidence of sexual intercourse, Evidence of substitute sexual activity, interest or sadistic fantasy |
| Problems with definition of Sexual Homicide (FBI) | If you’re using only 1 of the following - can get into false positives Does not taje content into account Definition applies to men and women victims - if male is found with a top off does not have the same meaning as if a women found with top off |
| Why do people care about homicides | Looks random, gruesome, provokes fear in community, get great media coverage, |
| Description of the Offender and his crime Implications for the investigation? | Provide a representative description of the sexual murderer and his offence Identify potential myths or misinformation related to sexual homicide Suggest practical implications |
| Characteristic Myths | 80% of cases had no prior sexual convictions Goes against the belief of sexual homicide offenders have to have prior convictions |
| Beauregards (1999) Typology Sadistic offender | Offence premeditated, Victim a target stranger, Victim is selected, Victim will be humiliated, Victim mutilation, Use of physical restraints during offence, duration more than 30 mins, body hidden, high risk of apprehension |
| Beauregards (1999) Typology Anger offender | Spontaneous, victim not selected, not humiliated, not mutilated, no use of restraints, duration less than 30 mins, body left at scene, low risk of being apprehended |
| Beauregard’s (1999) Typology: Complementary Results Sadistic Offenders | May torture victim, may dismember victim, positive affect before crime, offenders felt joy, wellbeing and sexual arousal, deviant sexual fantasies prior to crime, greater emphasis on sexual aspect with sadistic offenders, separation problem prior to crime |
| Positive Affect before crime | Offenders felt joy, wellbeing and sexual arousal |
| Beauregard's (1999) Typology: Complementary Results Anger Offenders | anger before crime, give himself up after committing, Admit all acts, responsibility, no alcohol or drugs Use of prescription drugs hours prior to crime Loneliness problem prior to crime, after crime depression, not feeling good, woman anger |
| Sexual Murderers: Sex Offender, Murderer or Both? Beauregard, DiLisi, Hewitt (2018) | Test whether NHSOs, Violent NHSOs, ad SHOs present several differences as to their criminal career Test whether SJPs specialize sexual crimes or present versatility in their criminal career |
| Sexual Murderers: Sex Offender, Murderer or Both? Beauregard, DiLisi, Hewitt (2018) | Sex offenders - more likely to see other convictions (drug, violent, property) usually not prior sexual offences Pedophiles - tend to specialize in sexual crimes All other sex offenders are more versatile |
| Sexual Murderers: Sex Offender, Murderer or Both? Beauregard, DiLisi, Hewitt (2018) Differences Observed | Violent Sex offenders to sexual homicide offenders 1. Assault violent SO are more likely to commit these crimes or have them in criminal career than sexual homicide offenders 2. Armed robbery more likely in cases of violent homicide SO |
| Sexual Murderers: Sex Offender, Murderer or Both? Beauregard, DiLisi, Hewitt (2018) Differences Observed | SHO likely to have violent convictions for homicide & Kidnapping, prior convictions for violent crime NV more likely as a prior conviction for sa, commit crime at younger age, likely to have convictions for sexual crimes |
| Crosstab between types of sex offenders and criminal career clusters | Specialist - more likely to be NV sex offenders More concerned about committing sexual crimes Versatile - SHO more likely to be generalists - bunch of diff crimes |
| Adverse Childhood experiences and criminal extremity: new evidence for sexual homicide - Beauregard, DiLisi (2018) Violence exposure and sexual homicide | Once you reach a certain level of exposure of violence - odds or risk of committing a sexual homicide is much greater |
| Adverse Childhood experiences and criminal extremity: new evidence for sexual homicide - Beauregard, DiLisi (2018) Victimization and sexual homicide | Real victimization in their childhood Similar pattern - with fewer experiences risk is relatively low |
| Foreign Object Insertion | the unwanted placement of any object by another individual into any orifice (i.e. mouth, vagina, anus, ear) of the victim |
| Schlesinger and colleagues (2010) on FOI | can be seen as a ritualistic behaviour (i.e. actions that exceed those required to cause death Offender still wants to do |
| Koeppel and colleagues (2019) - 260 cases of sexual homicide from the FBI BAU Of these: | 65 FOI: most common categories being tools and natural materials (i.e. sticks, logs, rocks) Other objects were weapons, clothes and food Largest category of objects inserted - ‘miscellaneous’ (i.e. umbrella, chair leg, garbage bag) |
| Koeppel and colleagues (2019) FOI visible at the crime scene | Only 31.8% of cases FOI was visible at the crime scene, the rest being discovered by autopsy ⅔ cases won’t see any evidence of FOI |
| Koeppel and colleagues (2019) Motives | most (73%) explained that they did not know why they did it (easy out for offenders, don’t want to go there), whereas some offenders reported the motive was sexual, to kill, to keep the victim quiet, to hide evidence or accidental |
| Foreign Object Insertion in Sexual homicide a new perspective - Article Beauregard, Chopin and Darjee (2022) Victim Characteristics | Older than 65 years old Have used alcohol or drugs prior to the crime: Loners: keep to themselves Involved in domestic activities at the time of the crime They’re home, sleeping, cooking, etc |
| Foreign Object Insertion in Sexual homicide a new perspective - Article Beauregard, Chopin and Darjee (2022) Offender characteristics | Experience sexual dysfunction Unable to get erection, use an object to commit a crime Use alcohol and drugs prior to crime |
| Foreign Object Insertion in Sexual homicide a new perspective - Article Beauregard, Chopin and Darjee (2022) Crime Characteristics | Contact location is victim’s residence, beaten during, asphyxiated Includes strangulation, Vaginal/ Anal Fisting, Mutilation of Genitals. Unusual Acts, Postmortem Sexual Activities |
| Foreign Object Insertion in Sexual homicide a new perspective - Article Beauregard, Chopin and Darjee (2022) FOI less likely if: | Stranger offender to victim Fellatio - victim gives oral sex to offender Connection of level of intimacy and behaviour |
| Foreign Object Insertion in Sexual homicide a new perspective - Article Beauregard, Chopin and Darjee (2022) Discussion | not mentally ill - manifestation of sadism Inexperienced offenders looking for vulnerable victims FOI as a manifestation of sadism |
| Beauregard, E., & DeLisi, M. (2018). Unraveling the personality profile of the sexual murderer. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. OnlineFirst. - Healey, J., & Beauregard, E. (2015). | Non homicidal sex offenders Non violent homicidal offenders Sexual homicide offenders - idea that we could merge all sex offenders together no longer is a good strategy - they are difference in the level of violence |
| Dr. Richard Von Krafft-Ebing | Conducted some of the first documented research on violent, sexual offenders and the crimes they committed |
| Myth: Serial Killers are all dysfunctional loners | not reclusive, social misfits who live alone They are not monsters and may not appear strange Many serial killers hide in plain sight within their communities Often have families, active in communities, homes, can blend into society |
| Myth: Serial Killers are all white males | killers span all racial groups The radical diversification of serial killers generally mirrors that of the overall US population |
| Myth: Serial Killers are only motivated by sex | All serial murders are not sexually-based There are many other motivations for serial murders including anger, thrill, financial gain and attention seeking |
| Myth: All serial murderers travel and operate interstate | very defined geographic areas of operation, conduct killings in comfort zones defined by anchor point, Very few serial murderers travel interstate to kill |
| Anchor Point | place of residence, employment, or residence of a relative |
| Myth: Serial Killers cannot stop killing | Distinction: can stop, they just do not want to stop Most times get caught some stop before getting caught - events or circumstances in offenders’ lives that inhibit them from pursuing more victims |
| Beauregard, E., & DeLisi, M. (2018). Unraveling the personality profile of the sexual murderer. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. | examined the personality profile of SHOs, by comparing them VNHSOs and NHSOs on clinical diagnostics of personality disorders and various crime characteristics. |
| The dark figure of crime (DiLisi, 2023) | The disparity between an offender’s arrest count and other data sources, such as victim reports, correctional records, and an offender’s self-report of their criminal activity |
| "Missing Missing" (DiLisi, 2023) | offenders target victims whose disappearance is undetected and who are not known to be missing, a population prostitution, drug selling, drug use, etc - transient and off the grid |
| Rape Kits - (DiLisi, 2023) | a large magnitude of sexual violence that goes undiscovered is unsubmitted sexual assault kits 73% of cases the victim did not wish to participate in the investigative process 1/10 cases could not be advanced because statute limitations expired |
| Linkage Blindness (DiLisi, 2023) | the disconnect between investigative agencies on cases that likely involved the same perpetrator |
| Why is there a lack of homicide theory development Corzine, J. (2011). Theories of homicide. Homicide Studies, 15, 315-318 | A lack of consensus over the scope of behaviors that these theories should attempt to explain. a stronger consensus needs to be reached on the contours of preferred homicide theories before sustained progress is possible |
| Main focus of Pridemore (2002) paper | The paper reviews theoretical and empirical literature on how social structure (e.g., poverty, inequality) relates to homicide. |
| What does social disorganization theory propose about homicide (Pridemore, 2002) | It suggests that high crime rates, including homicide, are linked to communities with weak social structures, such as high poverty, instability, and low collective efficacy. |
| What does Strain theory propose about homicide (Pridemore 2002) | societal pressures, like lack of access to legitimate means of success, may push individuals to engage in violent behaviors, including homicide. |
| How does Structural Inequality and Conflict Theory explain homicide? (Pridemore, 2002) | It suggests that social inequality (particularly economic disparities) exacerbates conflict and contributes to higher homicide rates. |
| What does RAT emphasize in relation to homicide (Pridemore, 2022) | focuses on the interaction of three elements: suitable targets, motivated offenders, and a lack of capable guardians, which together influence homicide rates |
| What empirical evidence does Pridemore highlight regarding social structure and homicide? (Pridemore, 2002) | Studies show that social factors like income inequality, poverty, and urbanization are strongly linked to higher homicide rates. |
| What does Pridemore (2002) recommend for future research on homicide? | He calls for more nuanced, multi-level approaches and improved methodological techniques to clarify causal relationships between social structure and homicide |
| What is the overall conclusion of Pridemore's (2002) paper? | Social structural factors like inequality and urbanization are strongly linked to homicide, but more research is needed to understand the exact causal mechanisms. |
| Asymmetry (DiLisi, 2023) | The notion that most criminal activity is hidden, undiscovered, and ultimately not reported to law enforcement personnel |
| Population Heterogeneity (DiLisi, 2023) | Criminal behavior occurs along a distribution ranging from very low to very high is consistent with a concept in the behavioral sciences |
| Career Criminals (DiLisi, 2023) | Pathological, precocious or early onset of their conduct problems, exhibit delinq beh much earlier in life, common to have arrest activity prior to age 10, bully, steal, violence toward animals, Less evidence of CJS intervention, versatile |
| Armed Criminal Career (DiLisi, 2023) | established as part of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 and provides a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence for its violation among offenders who have three or more previous convictions for a violent felony, serious drug offense, or both |
| Mixed Pathway (DiLisi, 2023) | that involves a combination violent and drug trafficking offences Most versatile mix of offences - violent, property, drug and public order crimes Not a lot of involvement |
| Violent Pathway (DiLisi, 2023) | comprised of serious violent crimes, but no prior convictions for drug trafficking offences Had extensive public order, burglary, larceny, weapons violations, fraud, drunk driving and other property violations |
| Drug Trafficking Pathway (DiLisi, 2023) | with 3 or more convictions for drug trafficking offenses without prior convictions for crimes of violence Centered on drug use, sales, attendant property offences to obtain money for drugs |
| Personality of a SHO profile (Beauregard, DiLisi, 2015) | primarily of Schizoid and BPD, and these offenders were significantly likely to select a victim, use a weapon, and use drugs and alcohol before their offenses, but less likely to force their victim to engage in sexual acts or humiliate them. |
| Results SHO (Beauregard, DiLisi, 2015) | likely to present a personality profile characterized by Schizoid and Borderline personality disorders SHOs are more likely to use drugs and alcohol prior to the crime, as well as select their victim and use a weapon to commit the crime |
| Results VNHSO (Beauregard, DiLisi, 2015) | VNHSOs are more likely to present a personality profile characterized by Antisocial and Paranoid personality disorders compared with the SHOs and the NHSOs VNHSOs are more likely to commit intrusive sexual acts and humiliate the victims |
| Results NHSO. (Beauregard, DiLisi, 2015) | personality profile characterized by Avoidant and Dependent personality disorders compared with the other two groups NHSOs are more likely to use pornography prior to the crime and force the victim to perform sexual acts |
| Discussion (Beauregard, DiLisi, 2015) | Personality disorders are endemic to sexual offenders generally and SHOs BPD features in the SHO profile are revealed in the impulsive features SHO personality profile offers insight into the personality features that undergird homicidal ideation |
| Motivation Model (MM) of Sexual Homicide (Beauregard, Healey, 2015) | An ineffective social environment Child and adolescent formative events Patterned responses to these events Resultant actions toward others The killers reactions to his killings |
| Integrated Model of Paraphilias (Beauregard, Healey, 2015) | States sexual homicide is a paraphilia, known as lust murder and that sexual murderers acquire this deviant sexual interest from a complex process of individual predispositions, emotional states, fantasies, feedback loops, and operant conditioning |
| Aim of study (Beauregard, Healey, 2015) | suggested link between sexual sadism and sexual homicide may be more complex sexual murderers are influenced by both situational factors during a sexual assault and deviant sexual interests |
| Results (Beauregard, Healey 2015) | premeditation was not significantly related to the act of killing BUT 1. Selection of victim 2. Targeting of victim 3. Use of a weapon |
| Clinical Disorder (DiLisi, 2023) | is a coherent condition that has a set or constellation of traits, features, or symptoms, has a specified dev course with an onset, continuity, and remittance applied/ diagnosed when match traits |
| Psychopathy (DiLisi, 2023) | grandiose, conning, and manipulative in their interactions with others, and use various means of coercion, persuasion, and charm to meet their needs. |
| Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) (DiLisi, 2023) | 20 items in which individuals are scored as 0, meaning the feature does not characterize the individual, are scored as 1 if there is some evidence that the feature charac the individ, and are scored as 2 if the feature characterizes the individual. |
| 4 components of PCL-R (DiLisi, 2023) | interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial |
| Criminal Versatility (DiLisi, 2023) | indicates that an individual engages in antisocial behavior irrespective of context, and thus is an important indicator of a person’s criminal propensity |
| Triarchic Model (DiLisi, 2023) | which asserts that boldness, meanness, and disinhibition are the core of the disorder. |
| Discussion (James & Proulx, 2015) | 2 subgroups of sexual murderers: 1) sexual murderers having killed one or two individuals (nonserial), 2) and sexual murderers having killed three or more individuals (serial). All the factors analyzed were more prevalent in SSMs than in NSMs |
| LePard et al (2015) article | 3 investigative challenges help explain why many previous serial killer investigations stalled even though early warning signs became apparent in hindsight. |
| LePard et al (2015) - Investigative challenge 1 - some missing persons are never reported to the police as missing or are only reported long after they were last seen | ‘Unless the bodies are found, the missing missing does not exist’ Victims come from marginal or transient populations:illegal immigrants, sex trade workers, and homeless people. Purposely select such victims to avoid detection by the authorities |
| LePard et al (2015) - Investigative challenge 2 - the vulnerable, marginal, or transient lifestyle of some missing victims creates linkage problems, which can prevent serial murders from being recognized | Limited in their ability to trace the last steps of a missing person who had no specific routine, known schedule, or significant anchor points. Assume person is still alive or else dead of natural causes, an overdose, suicide, or accident |
| LePard et al (2015) - Investigative challenge 3 - investigators in a serial murder case involving missing persons do not initially have access to bodies, murder sites, witnesses, physical evidence, or a reliable chronology | bsence of forensic evidence impedes a missing person investigation where serial murder is suspected or a serial murder investigation involving missing persons failed or were significantly delayed because investigators never reached this tipping point |
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graceblatz