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C9 CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When plants, plankton and marine animals die, they fall to the seabed and get buried by layers of .... | When plants, plankton and marine animals die, they fall to the seabed and get buried by layers of sediment. |
| Things like coal, crude oil and natural gas that are made by this process are called '...'. | Things like coal, crude oil and natural gas that are made by this process are called 'fossil fuels'. |
| Crude oil and natural gas are formed from deposits of ... | Crude oil and natural gas are formed from deposits of plankton. |
| These fossil fuels form reservoirs under the ... when they get trapped in rocks. | These fossil fuels form reservoirs under the seabed when they get trapped in rocks. |
| Coal is a ... rock made from thick plant deposits. | Coal is a sedimentary rock made from thick plant deposits. |
| Limestone is a ... rock. | Limestone is a sedimentary rock. |
| When plants, plankton and marine animals die, they fall to the seabed and get buried by layers of sediment. Over millions of years, they become compressed and form ... rocks, oil and gas-trapping the carbon within them. and helping to keep carbon. | When plants, plankton and marine animals die, they fall to the seabed and get buried by layers of sediment. Over millions of years, they become compressed and form sedimentary rocks, oil and gas-trapping the carbon within them. and helping to keep carbon. |
| Limestone is mostly made of ... ... deposits from the shells and skeletons of marine organisms. | Limestone is mostly made of calcium carbonate deposits from the shells and skeletons of marine organisms. |
| Evolution of the Atmosphere - Phase 1 | Volcanoes gave out gases |
| Evolution of the Atmosphere - Phase 2 | Oceans, algae and green plants absorbed carbon dioxide |
| Evolution of the Atmosphere - Phase 3 | Green plants absorbed carbon dioxide |
| Greenhouse gases are important but can also cause problems - it's all about keeping a delicate ... | Greenhouse gases are important but can also cause problems - it's all about keeping a delicate balance. |
| Carbon dioxide is a... gas | Carbon Dioxide is a greenhouse gas |
| Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, ... and water vapour act like an insulating layer in the Earth's atmosphere -this, amongst other factors, allows the Earth to be warm enough to support life. | Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour act like an insulating layer in the Earth's atmosphere -this, amongst other factors, allows the Earth to be warm enough to support life. |
| All particles absorb certain frequencies of ... | All particles absorb certain frequencies of radiation. |
| Greenhouse gases don't absorb the incoming short wavelength radiation from the sun-but they do absorb the long wavelength radiation that gets ... back off the Earth. Then they re-radiate it in all directions including back towards the ''. | Greenhouse gases don't absorb the incoming short wavelength radiation from the sun-but they do absorb the long wavelength radiation that gets reflected back off the Earth. Then they re-radiate it in all directions including back towards the Earth. |
| The longwave radiation is thermal ''', so it results in warming of the surface of the Earth. This is the ... ... | The longwave radiation is thermal radiation, so it results in warming of the surface of the Earth. This is the greenhouse effect. |
| Some forms of human activity affect the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. E.g: ... | Some forms of human activity affect the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. E.g: Deforestation |
| Human Activity: Deforestation: fewer trees means less CO, is removed from the atmosphere via ... | Human Activity: Deforestation: fewer trees means less CO, is removed from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. |
| Human Activity: Burning fossil fuels: carbon that was 'locked up' in these fuels is released as ... | Human Activity: Burning fossil fuels: carbon that was 'locked up' in these fuels is released as CO2. |
| Human Activity: Agriculture: more farm animals produce more methane through their ... processes. | Human Activity: Agriculture: more farm animals produce more methane through their digestive processes. |
| Human Activity: Creating waste: more landfill sites and more waste from agriculture means more CO, and ''' released by decomposition of waste. | Human Activity: Creating waste: more landfill sites and more waste from agriculture means more CO, and methane released by decomposition of waste. |
| Increasing ... ... is linked to climate change. | Increasing Carbon Dioxide is Linked to Climate Change |
| The Earth's temperature varies naturally, but recently the average temperature of the Earth's surface has been ... | The Earth's temperature varies naturally, but recently the average temperature of the Earth's surface has been increasing. Most scientists agree that the extra carbon dioxide. from human activity is causing this increase and that this will lead to climat |
| Unfortunately, it's hard to fully understand the Earth's climate this is because it's so ..., and there are so many variables, that it's very hard to make a model that isn't oversimplified. | Unfortunately, it's hard to fully understand the Earth's climate this is because it's so complex, and there are so many variables, that it's very hard to make a model that isn't oversimplified. |
| The Earth's climate is complex, but it's still important to make ... about the consequences of climate change so that policy-makers can make decisions now. | The Earth's climate is complex, but it's still important to make predictions about the consequences of climate change so that policy-makers can make decisions now. |
| ... ... could have dangerous consequences | Climate Change Could Have Dangerous Consequences |
| An increase in global temperature could lead to polar ice caps melting - causing a rise in ... ..., increased flooding in coastal areas and coastal .... | An increase in global temperature could lead to polar ice caps melting - causing a rise in sea levels, increased flooding in coastal areas and coastal erosion. |
| Changes in ... patterns (the amount, timing and distribution) may cause some regions to get too much or too little water. This, along with changes in temperature, may affect the ability of certain regions to produce .... | Changes in rainfall patterns (the amount, timing and distribution) may cause some regions to get too much or too little water. This, along with changes in temperature, may affect the ability of certain regions to produce food. |
| The frequency and severity of ... may also increase. | The frequency and severity of storms may also increase. |
| Changes in ... and the amount of ... available in a habitat may affect wild species, leading to differences in their distribution. | Changes in temperature and the amount of water available in a habitat may affect wild species, leading to differences in their distribution. |
| It's generally accepted that greenhouse gas emissions from ... activities is causing climate change. Knowing what leads to a lot of emissions of .... .... could be useful for stopping it happening. | It's generally accepted that greenhouse gas emissions from human activities is causing climate change. Knowing what leads to a lot of emissions of carbon dioxide could be useful for stopping it happening. |
| ... footprints are tricky to measure | Carbon Footprints are Tricky to Measure |
| Carbon footprints are basically a measure of the amount of ... ... and other greenhouse gases released over the full life cycle of something. That can be a service (e.g. the school bus), an event (e.g. the Olympics), a product (e.g. a toastie make | Carbon footprints are basically a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released over the full life cycle of something. That can be a service (e.g. the school bus), an event (e.g. the Olympics), a product (e.g. a toastie make |
| Measuring the total carbon footprint of something can be really hard, though or even ... | Measuring the total carbon footprint of something can be really hard, though or even impossible. |
| A rough ... can give a good idea of what the worst emitters are so that people can avoid them in the future. | a rough calculation can give a good idea of what the worst emitters are so that people can avoid them in the future. |
| There are ways of reducing ... footprints. | There are ways of reducing carbon footprints. |
| You can't always measure a carbon footprint exactly, but there are always methods to try and reduce it. Anything that ... the amount of greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide or methane) given out by a process will also reduce its carbon footprint. | You can't always measure a carbon footprint exactly, but there are always methods to try and reduce it. Anything that reduces the amount of greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide or methane) given out by a process will also reduce its carbon footprint. H |
| Renewable energy sources or nuclear energy could be used instead of ... ... | Renewable energy sources or nuclear energy could be used instead of fossil fuels. |
| Using more efficient processes could conserve energy and out waste. Lots of waste decomposes to release ..., so this will reduce methane emissions. | Using more efficient processes could conserve energy and out waste. Lots of waste decomposes to release methane, so this will reduce methane emissions. |
| Governments could ... companies or individuals based on the amount of greenhouse gases they emite.g. taxing cars based on the amount of carbon dioxide they emit over a set distance could mean that people choose to buy ones that are more fuel-efficient and | Governments could tax companies or individuals based on the amount of greenhouse gases they emite.g. taxing cars based on the amount of carbon dioxide they emit over a set distance could mean that people choose to buy ones that are more fuel-efficient and |
| Governments can also put a ... on emissions of all greenhouse gases that companies make-then sell licences for emissions up to that cap. | Governments can also put a cap on emissions of all greenhouse gases that companies make-then sell licences for emissions up to that cap. |
| There's also technology that captures the CO, produced by burning ... ... before it's released into the atmosphere it can then be stored deep underground in cracks in the rock such as old oil wells. | There's also technology that captures the CO, produced by burning fossil fuels before it's released into the atmosphere it can then be stored deep underground in cracks in the rock such as old oil wells. |
| Making reductions is still ... | But Making Reductions is Still Difficult 1) It's easy enough saying that we should cut emissions, but actually doing it - that's a different story. 2) For a start, there's still a lot of work to be done on alternative technologies that result in lower |
| A lot of governments are also worried that making these changes will impact on the ... growth of communities which could be bad for people's well-being. This is particularly important for countries that are still developing. | A lot of governments are also worried that making these changes will impact on the economic growth of communities which could be bad for people's well-being. This is particularly important for countries that are still developing. |
| Because not everyone is on board, it's hard to make ... agreements to reduce emissions. Most countries don't want to sacrifice their economic development if they think that others won't do the same. | Because not everyone is on board, it's hard to make international agreements to reduce emissions. Most countries don't want to sacrifice their economic development if they think that others won't do the same. |
| It's not just governments, though individuals in ... countries need to make changes to their lifestyles. But it might be hard to get people to make changes if they don't want to and if there isn't enough education provided. | It's not just governments, though individuals in developed countries need to make changes to their lifestyles. But it might be hard to get people to make changes if they don't want to and if there isn't enough education provided about why the changes ar |
| Increasing ... ... is causing climate change. But CO2 isn't the only gas released when fossil fuels burn-you also get other nasties like oxides of ..., sulfur ... and carbon ... | Increasing carbon dioxide is causing climate change. But CO2 isn't the only gas released when fossil fuels burn-you also get other nasties like oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. |
| Combustion of fossil fuels releases ... and ... | Combustion of Fossil Fuels Releases Gases and Particles |
| Fossil fuels, such as crude oil and coal, contain ... During combustion, the carbon and hydrogen in these compounds are ... so that carbon dioxide and water vapour are released into the atmosphere. | Fossil fuels, such as crude oil and coal, contain hydrocarbons. During combustion, the carbon and hydrogen in these compounds are oxidised so that carbon dioxide and water vapour are released into the atmosphere. |
| ... are compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbon. | Hydrocarbons are compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbon |
| When there's plenty of oxygen, all the fuel burns this is called complete ... | When there's plenty of oxygen, all the fuel burns this is called complete combustion. |
| If there's not enough oxygen, some of the fuel doesn't burn - this is called .... combustion. Under these conditions, solid particles (called particulates) of soot (carbon) and unburnt fuel are released and carbon ... can be produced. | If there's not enough oxygen, some of the fuel doesn't burn - this is called incomplete combustion. Under these conditions, solid particles (called particulates) of soot (carbon) and unburnt fuel are released and carbon monoxide can be produced as well as |
| ... in the air can cause all sorts of problems: If particulates are inhaled, they can get stuck in the lungs and cause damage. This can then lead to respiratory problems. | Particulates in the air can cause all sorts of problems: If particulates are inhaled, they can get stuck in the lungs and cause damage. This can then lead to respiratory problems. They're also bad for the environment - they themselves, or the clouds the |
| It's not just particulates from ... combustion that cause problems. Carbon monoxide is pretty nasty too. Carbon monoxide (CO) is really dangerous because it can stop your ... from doing its proper job of carrying oxygen around the body. | It's not just particulates from incomplete combustion that cause problems. Carbon monoxide is pretty nasty too. Carbon monoxide (CO) is really dangerous because it can stop your blood from doing its proper job of carrying oxygen around the body. It do |
| Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of ... can be released | Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen Can be Released |
| Sulfur ... (SO2) is released during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, that contain sulfur impurities -the sulfur in the fuel becomes oxidised. | Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is released during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, that contain sulfur impurities -the sulfur in the fuel becomes oxidised. |
| Nitrogen oxides are created from a reaction between the ... and oxygen in the air, caused by the heat of the burning. (This can happen in the internal combustion engines of cars.) | Nitrogen oxides are created from a reaction between the nitrogen and oxygen in the air, caused by the heat of the burning. (This can happen in the internal combustion engines of cars.) |
| When these gases mix with clouds they form dilute ... acid or dilute ... acid. This then falls as acid rain. | When these gases mix with clouds they form dilute sulfuric acid or dilute nitric acid. This then falls as acid rain. |
| ... rain kills plants and damages buildings and statues. It also makes metal .... | Acid rain kills plants and damages buildings and statues. It also makes metal corrode. |
| Not only that, but sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can also be bad for human health-they cause respiratory problems if they're breathed in. SO, gas reacts with water to form '''acid. | Not only that, but sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can also be bad for human health-they cause respiratory problems if they're breathed in. SO, gas reacts with water to form sulfuric acid. You can test for sulfur impurities in a fuel by bubbling t |
Created by:
HJB1972
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