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APes unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tragedy of the commons | individuals will use shared resources in their own self-interest rather than in keeping the common good, thereby depleting the resources (ex: fishing industry, cars to pollution) |
| sustainable use of the Commons | hunting/fishing licenses land-use permit country quotas selective cutting of trees (a lot of treaties, laws, fines) replenish after use: replant trees, throw back fish, rotate grassland for grazing privatize commons (adopt a highway) |
| forest ecosystem and ecological services | serves as habitat aids in soil formation (infiltration) moderate local climate serve as food source remove air/water pollution carbon cycle(photosynthesis) economic benefits (furnitures) |
| timber vs. lumber | timber is when it is cut down lumber is when tree is shaped in any ways. |
| clearcutting | a forestry/logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down. |
| impact of clearcutting on terrestrial | loss of biodiversity increase invasive species and diseased organism that comes out fast-growing species favored, less valuable species harvested, habitat destruction soil erosion (by water/wind) water cycle disruption carbon release climate change |
| impact of clearcutting on aquatic | increased run-off into rivers increase in turbidity (decrease aquatic primary productivity, decrease in albedo increase water temp increase in nutrient load (algae bloom) loss of habitat/biodiversity |
| selective cutting | harvesting specific trees while leaving others intact, helping to maintain forest structure |
| ecologically sustainable forestry | harvesting trees in ways that maintain forest health, biodiversity, and ecosystem functions, ensuring long-term benefit |
| Green revolution | transition from small farms to large industrial corporation-run, high productivity, mechanized farm uses artificial fertilizer and pesticides GMOs extensive irrigation (benefit: maximize yield per area) |
| mechanization | machinery does not have drawback of living labor specialized and updated easy to use downside: fossil fuels used |
| monoculture | easy to plant, maintain, harvest only certain type of pests associated (ex: corn) downside: one type of plant thus loss of biodiversity, ancestral varieties, and increase catastrophic events |
| artificial fertilizer/pesticides | easily dissolved in runoff disrupt nitrogen-cycle possible extermination of nontarget species (pesticide) pesticide resistant pests |
| irrigation | depleting freshwater resources water logging and salinization |
| Artificial selection vs. GMOs | human-directed evolutions that selects traits beneficial for humans vs. taking traits of organism form completely different species and put into a target species |
| GMO uses | create crops that can grow on land that were once unusable crop creates its own pesticide, or herbicide resistant |
| Drawbacks of GMO uses | Resistance Development: Weeds and pests may develop resistance to GM traits. accidental killing of nontarget species from Bt crops Ethical Issues: Opposition based on religious or philosophical beliefs. |
| arable land | capable of producing crop land |
| tilling | bare soil lead to soil erosion/evaporation (eutrophication) turned soil lead to impacts on soil structure turned soil leads to released CO2 |
| tilling to eutrophication | erosion can carries nutrients like N, P, K, into water increasing the amount of plant and algae growth |
| slash and burn agriculture | developing countries mechanism (SA, Africa, etc.) typically rainforests used as fertilizer trees and vegetation are cut down and burned to clear land for cultivation *unsustainable: nutrients provide by ash quickly used and move on to another land |
| US Dust Bowl | land were used over and over again until nutrients were used up, thus prolonged drought |
| Haber-Bosch process | take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to synthesize ammonia |
| natural sources of fertilizer | manure or poops from animals, improve soil structure and retain water better cons: must be gathered from animals, nutrient level unknown, harder to use |
| synthetic fertilizer | cons: water soluble, often overused, does nothing to improve soil structure pros: quick and targeted nutrient delivery, promoting fast plant growth |
| flood irrigation | inundating the entire field with water, allowing it to flow and soak into the soil pros: easy, inexpensive, mechanization are not required cons: requires water nearby, not for all plant types, land must be graded, water lost to evaporation* |
| furrow irrigation | dig trenches between crop rows and flood them pros: low investment, high-sediment water can be used, allows for some precision of application, cheap cons: not efficient on sandy soil, waterlogging, runoff, erosion, water loss to evaporation |
| spray irrigation | pump water through nuzzle pros: efficient, precision application, efficient(25% water evaporation), can be programmed cons: higher cost, include machinery(fossil fuels), |
| drip irrigation | perforated(tiny holes) that drip water directly to root pros: evaporation extremely low, reduce nutrient leaching, no land grading needed cons: expensive to install, cannot till field(annual plants) |
| waterlogging | soil is oversaturated with water, thus oxygen cannot get absorbed by plants and root can rot (flood irrigation or high clay) |
| salinization | salt from H2O remains in the soil caused by rapid evaporation effect is salt toxicity kills plant and dry land prevention: efficient irrigation, plant drought resistant plants, or flush out the salt |
| ogallala aquifer | largest underwater reservoir in US, it stretches 5 states water has dropped 14ft and 2ft continuous now |
| pesticide treadmill | continuous use of pesticide will cause will lead to weed/pest to have genetic adaption, leaving future generation of resistant weed/pest. Leading to cycle of chemical use |
| effects of pesticide | due to runoff, drinking water can be affected. it can also be transported to the atmosphere (killing of non-target species, biomagnification(storing of persistent toxin) |
| why use pesticide | increase agriculture yield for growing population of humans profit increases because crops are not damaged |
| eutrophication | the process in which a water body becomes overly enriched with nutrients, leading to the plentiful growth of simple plant life(algae) this is pollution, biodiversity loss, and O2 depletion |
| GMO defined | an organism in where DNA has been altered through genetic engineering to introduce a new trait from another speices reduce use of pesticide and insecticide |
| CAFOs | a high-density farming technique, where animals are fed in confined spaces Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations |
| overconsumption of meat | usually from developing to developed country increased land use (28% on earth) animal waste and emissions, similar to soil erosion and fecal coliform bacteria which is harmful to humans antibiotic and growth hormone used in livestock soil compaction |
| reduce overconsumption of meat | reduces methaine (CH4) |
| pros/cons of CAFOs | pros: minimize land cost improve feeding efficiency cons: bunch of bacteria antibiotic use, lead to bacterial resistant crowded and creates lots of waste(nutrient rich and fecal coliforms |
| important Acts | safe drinking water Act |
| free-range grazing pros/cons | pros: less susceptible to diseases, no need to use antibiotics animal eating natural food cons: vast amount of land might interference with biodiversity less livestock and no growth hormone overgrazing |
| overgrazing | due to private ownership of land, you allow livestock to graze too long the grass may not grow back trembled by animal waste can end up in waterway desertification |
| commercial fishing | fishing on a massive scale techniques: long-lined, drift net, purse seine, trawling, sonar |
| long-line(fishing) | a line that has hooks led by floatations and dragged behind a ship and catch fish. pros: very efficient cons: non-target organism(even birds) easy to overfish |
| Drift net/gill net | A fishing net that hangs vertically in the water, drifting with currents, designed to catch fish as they swim pros: very efficient cons: non-target overfishing |
| purse seine | large fishing net used to encircle a school of fish, then drawn closed at the bottom like a drawstring to trap them pros: efficient cons: non-target species overfishing damage to marine ecosystem |
| trawling | large, cone-shaped net is dragged through the water or along the sea floor to catch fish or other marine organisms pros: efficient cons: can catch up all the corals very destructive |
| make fishing sustainable | catch limits based on MSY limit age/size of fish caught modify technique to reduce bycatch law/treaties that protect critical species |
| TED | an exclusion trawling device for turtles to escape |
| overburden vs. spoil/tailing | overburn are soils that are over ores, when soil is removed to the side it's called spoil, tailing is mineral waste |
| open-pit mining | large pits are dug to extract mineral pros: cost efficient and easy to operate cons: environmental damage, waste and pollution, soil erosion |
| strip mining | removal of strips for soil and rocks to expose ore pros: allow recovery of large amount of resouce, efficient, safe cons: environmental damage, fossil fuels, erosion |
| mountain-top removal mining | remove mountain with explosives pros: fast, simple, cheap cons: tailing deposited to nearby area, soil erosion |
| placer mining | looking for minerals in river sediments (like gold) pros: no damage to environment cons: slow and less profit |
| subsurface mining | resource more than 100m below surface expensive coal, diamond, gold, lead, zinc horizontal tunnel, drilled vertically, and elevators not safe |
| environmental impact of mining | air: increase CO2 water: contamination as it percolates through tailings soil: removal/replacement, decrease in albedo, less vegetation biodiversity:habitat destruction, fragmentation human health: respiratory disease, poisoning |
| acid mine drainage | common in old mines mineral for SULFURIC acid in the mine and it can carry heavy mineral into a stream and affecting the organism (fix by introduce a base) |
| mine remediation | companies put things back where it was grading: put dirt's back and add topsoil add native plants and make sure everything turns out fine |
| arid vs. humid | dry vs. wet |
| slag/slurry | remaining waste after ore removal |
| Mining legislation | Surface Mining Control(Land must be minimally disturbed during coal mining and then reclaimed) and Reclamation Act General Mining Act (Allows individuals and companies to recover ores and fuels from federal lands) |
| high vs.low grade ore | high vs low concentration of desire mineral |
| urbanization | The movement of people into densely populated areas from the rural areas. due to: Shift from agriculture based society to industry based and job opportunities and demographic transition |
| urban sprawl | cities spread to meet each other |
| mass transportation | benefit of urban less fuel used per capita safer reduce fossil fuel cost effective |
| space between locations (urbanization) | decreased and you can go to places faster decrease resource per capita |
| urbanization impact on water cycle | water diversion and use on dams Flooding upstream b/c water flow is disrupted -sediment and nutrient depletion downstream -Legacy heavy metal and sediment caught above the dam saltwater intrusion |
| saltwater intrusion | saltwater moves into freshwater aquifers, can happen in coastal areas |
| urbanization impact on impermeable surfaces | Concrete, asphalt, and other impermeable surfaces are the majority of ground cover in urban areas Decreased infiltration, increased runoff Decreased transpiration due to lack of vegetation |
| urbanization impact on carbon cycle | More fossil fuel use with energy and transportation = more emissions can also produce Methaine |
| urban heat island | Areas with dense amounts of pavement, buildings, and other materials that retain and absorb heat. Leading to higher energy costs, air pollution levels, & heat related mortality. |
| Albedo | an expression of the ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight urban uses low albedo(dark color) which absorb the heat and keep it there |
| Smart Growth Principle(community planning that encourage sustainability | mix land uses range of housing opportunities increase vegetation create walkable neighborhoods encourage stakeholder collaboration compact building design permeable pavement preserve open space like farmland and natural beauty |
| the earth can support | 1.5 billion people |
| ecological footprint | The amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply the people with resources and recycle waste 5 variables can calculate it |
| 5 variables calculating ecological footprint | carbon footprint -> energy(gasoline, electricity) built-up land -> settlements(what type of house) forests -> timber and paper(furniture) cropland and pasture -> food and fiber Fisheries -> seafood |
| biologically produce space available | 11.3 billion hectares (cropland, forests, not deserts) is decreasing within population size |
| ecological deficit | occurs when a population's ecological footprint exceeds the capacity of its environment to regenerate resources and absorb waste |
| ecological reserve vs. deficit countires | reserve: Canada, SA, Russia deficit: US, China, India |
| biggest chunk of energy footprint | natural gas, oil, coal |
| why do develop countries have large footprint | food: high meat=rich energy: fossil fuel dependence biome: amount of co2 fixation depends on climate and vegetation |
| sustainability | the ability to use and maintain a resource indefinitely or for future generations |
| biological diversity(indicator for sustainability) | healthy ecosystems are resistant to disturbances soln: keeping intact habitat and wildlife, protecting seed variety, preserve nature |
| food production (indicator for sustainability) | poor practices lead to soil degradation and water pollution soln: free range, no till land, better farming tech |
| average global surface temp and CO2 (indicator for sustainability) | Excessive CO2 increases global temperatures→climate change soln: reduce fossil fuel usage or calculate fossil fuel use |
| human population (indicator for sustainability) | more people thus more demand for resources soln: demographic shift, less birth |
| resource depletion(indicator for sustainability) | how fast are we using resources? soln: reduce, reuse, recycle |
| maximum sustainable yield (MSY) | maximum amount of a resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource 50% of carrying capacity |
| problem with True MSY | Life histories/survivorship strategies? Birth/Death rates? True carrying capacity of the system? Can be very political |
| main problem with urban runoff | water pollution inability to recharge ground water city block generate 5X more runoff (vegetation allow efficient infilltration and percolation) |
| problems with impervious surface | Runoff concentrates and gathers speed as it travels through sewers Excessive volume and power as empties into stream(erodes stream banks) increase flooding lower stream flow during dry weather |
| pollutants carried by runoff (urban) | sediment motor oil, grease pesticide, nutrients pet waste road salt heavy metal |
| mitigation of urban runoff | permeable pavements planting trees and other vegetation building up, not out |
| IPM (integrated Pest Management) better than pesticide | A combination of methods used to effectively control pest species while minimizing the disruption to the environment Includes biological, physical, and chemical controls |
| biological IPM | introduction of natural predator |
| physical IPM | barriers that protects crops (like strawberry beds) |
| chemical IPM | poisons that kill pest species |
| IPM triangle | cultural -> physical -> biological -> chemical prevention -> intervention -> toxicity |
| crop rotation, intercropping, pest resistant variety | by switching crops, pest species may not accumulate in numbers that warrant pesticide use (this does not exterminate non-target pests, which is good) intercropping is growing different type in same area |
| benefits of IPM | Reduces the need for pesticides Reduces the potential for air and groundwater contamination Protects non-target species |
| drawbacks of IPM | Requires more time, effort, planning, and money upfront May alter ecosystems (introduction of pest predators) Does not eliminate pesticide use completely |
| goals of sustainable agriculture | Feed world’s population without destroying the land, polluting the environment, or reducing biodiversity (enhance soil quality, minimize use of nonrenewable) require more LABOR |
| contour plowing (soil conservation) | plowing follows the natural contours of the land to reduce soil erosion, conserve water, and maintain soil fertility. |
| windbreaks (soil conservation) | Hedgerows around edges of fields Provide wind shelter and protect from erosion |
| perennial crops (soil conservation) | Do not have to be reseeded or replanted every year, so they do not require annual plowing or herbicide applications to establish |
| terracing (soil conservation) | Series of wide flat steps constructed on slopes constructed on slopes Reduces soil erosion by slowing water runoff. Helps prevent landslides and soil degradation. |
| no-till agriculture (soil conservation) | Benefits: Less erosion Less oxidation and production of CO2 Drawback: Increase of herbicides because of competing weeds |
| strip cropping (soil conservation) | Plant two or more crops together that work synergistically Harvested at different times Example: Corn (requires a lot of N) with peas (fixes N) |
| crop rotation (improve soil fertility) | Reduces specific demands of one crop on soil Prepares soil for next crop Promotes synergy (peas then corn) |
| green manure (improve soil fertility) | Animal and plant waste as fertilizer instead of synthetics |
| LimeStone (improve soil fertility) | Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) neutralizes acidic soil Allows soil to uptake nutrients more efficiently |
| rotational grazing | prevent overgrazing benefit: ethical and humane, fewer antibiotics, animal waste recycled drawbacks: high land cost |
| aquaculture | breeding, rearing, and harvesting fish of marine/freshwater environment in like their own "farm" benefit: require little fuel, small areas of water, highly efficient, less habitat destruction cons: can contaminate water(fish waste), disease incidences |
| fish-farming (aquaculture) | Man-made tanks and other enclosures Catfish, tilapia, salmon, carp, cod, trout |
| positives of aquaculture | due to humans population increase, demand increase provide jobs for fisherfolk less dangerous and time-consuming |
| IMTA (integrated multi-trophic aquaculture) | a more sustainable sol to aquaculture multiple species from different trophic levels (e.g., fish, shellfish, seaweed) are farmed together. Each species benefits from the waste or byproducts of others |
| types of forest | natural semi-natural: forest in area and replanted(common) plantation |
| social benefit of sustainable forest management | employs 14 million people forests directly affect livelihood of 20% of world population |
| product and energy (benefit of sustainable forest management) | raw material for huge variety of goods (renewable and recycable) wood most important source of renewable energy present 10% of total primary energy supply |
| carbon storage (benefit of sustainable forest management) | effective and cost-competitive natural carbon capture/storage removal of 700 million tons of CO2 annually |
| biodiversity (benefit of sustainable forest management) | home to 80% of terrestrial biodiversity managed forests reduce pressure on natural forest connect fragmented ecosystem |
| water (benefit of sustainable forest management) | control flood and droughts reduce erosion protect watersheds |
| mitigate deforestation | reforestation use and buy wood harvested by ecologically sustainable forestry technique reuse wood |
| Protect Forests | IPM selected removal of affected trees |
| fire management | Fire is natural nutrient cycling: liberate nutrient tied up in dead biomass regeneration: openings provided for early-successional species small intensity fire is healthy and do prescribed burns |
Created by:
Akai