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meda chap 2
Medical Terminology chap 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Dermatology | is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system. dermat/o- = skin, -logy = study of |
| Dermatologists use | lab and diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat integumentary diseases. |
| integumentary system | covers most of the surface of the body. It consists of the skin, the nails, and the subcutaneous tissue. |
| The skin | is the largest organ in the body. |
| Integumentary contains two word parts. | – integument/o- = skin – -ary = pertaining to |
| • Cutaneous also contains two word parts. | – cutane/o- = skin – -ous = pertaining to |
| The skin consists of two layers. | epidermis and dermis |
| – Epidermis | is the thin, outermost layer. ▪ It is made up of epithelial tissues. ▪ The adjective for epidermis is epidermal. |
| – Dermis | is thick and lies below the epidermis. ▪ It is made up of connective tissue. ▪ The adjective for dermis is dermal. |
| Anatomy of the Epidermis (1 of 3) | • The upper is the squamous layer (made of dead cells) – Cells are filled with the fibrous protein keratin. – They form a protective layer but are always undergoing exfoliation. – Dead cells are slightly acidic and discourage microorganism growth. |
| the deep part of the epidermis | is the basal layer. – The basal layer is made of living cells that are constantly dividing and being forced upward. |
| The epidermis contains no | blood vessels. – It relies on dermal vessels for nutrients. |
| The epidermis contains | melanocytes. – Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin that absorbs the sun’s UV light. • Melanocyte contains two word parts. – melan/o- = black – -cyte = cell |
| Everyone has the same number of | melanocytes, but Some skin tones produce more melanin. – Sun exposure increases melanin production. • Sunburn occurs when melanocytes can’t absorb all UV light. |
| The dermis lies below | the epidermis and is made of connective tissue. contains collagen, elastin, arteries, veins, and nerves. – It houses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. |
| collagen. | firm, white proteins |
| elastin. | elastic, yellow proteins |
| A dermatome is | an area of skin that sends sensory information to the spinal cord. – The spinal cord then sends a motor command back to a muscle in response. - also used to refer to a medical instrument |
| Each dermatome is named | according to the level at which the spinal nerve enters the spinal cord. |
| C stands for the spinal cord | at the level of the neck (cervic/o- means neck). |
| T stands for the spinal cord at the | level of the thorax. |
| L stands for the spinal cord at the | level of the lumbar area (lower back). |
| S stands for the spinal cord at the | level of the sacrum (the last bones in the spine). The skin of the face sends sensory information through the cranial nerves that go directly to the brain. |
| exocrine glands | release hormones out of the body |
| endocrine glands | release hormones in the body |
| Sebaceous or oil glands are exocrine glands. | – They produce a type of oil called sebum. – Sebum travels through a duct to a hair follicle. – Sebum coats the hair shaft and moisturizes the skin’s surface. |
| Sudoriferous or sweat glands are exocrine glands. | – They secrete sweat through a duct that opens into a pore in the skin. – Sweat contains water, sodium, and small amounts of body waste. – Sweat is odorless, but takes on an odor when it contacts bacteria on the skin’s surface. |
| Hair covers most of the body. | – Consistency and color of hair vary from one part of the body to another. – Melanocytes give color to the hair. – Each hair forms in a hair follicle in the dermis. – Hair cells are filled with keratin, which makes the hair shaft strong. |
| Piloerection occurs when | skin is cold. – A tiny muscle at the base of the hair follicle contracts. – The hair stands up and causes a “goosebump.” – pil/o- = hair – erect/o- = stand up – -ion = action or condition |
| The nail plate | is the hard flat part of the nail. |
| – The nail root | is located under the skin on the upper surface of the finger. |
| – The lunula | is the white half-moon at the base of the fingernail. |
| – The cuticle | is the edge around the base of the nail. |
| – The nail bed | is the pink part that lies under the nail plate. |
| the nail | composed of both living and dead cells. - nail root produces keratin-containing cells= form the lunula. As those cells grow from the lunula, they die and harden to form the nail plate, the protective covering on the distal end of the finger or toe. |
| Subcutaneous tissue | is loose, connective tissue beneath the dermis. – It is abbreviated subQ or subcu. – It is composed of adipose or fatty tissue. – It cushions and insulates the body. – The thickness of the subQ varies with the amount of fat stored. |
| • The epidermis | is the outermost skin layer. |
| • The dermis lies | under the epidermis. – It contains vessels and integumentary structures. |
| • The subcutaneous tissue | lies beneath the dermis. |
| The skin | is the body’s first line of defense against injury and infection. – The acidic epidermis discourages microorganism growth. – Keratin in epidermal cells makes the skin waterproof. – Sweat and sebum contain antibodies and enzymes that kill bacteria. |
| • When injury occurs | the skin repairs itself. – Cells in the basal epidermis move upward and cover the wound. – When a wound is deep, a blood clot and scab form. – New cells from the dermis and the basal epidermis fill in the wound. |
| Sensory receptors in the dermis respond | to touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature. – The nervous system relays and interprets skin sensations. – The integumentary and nervous systems complement one another through this. |
| • UV rays from the sun convert epidermal cholesterol into | vitamin D. – The amount of vitamin D produced depends upon the amount of sun exposure. |
| – Vitamin D helps the body absorb | calcium from foods. |
| Thermoregulation is | the process of controlling & adjusting body temp. – SubQ tissue stores fat & conserve body heat. – Piloerector muscles contract to create heat – Sudoriferous glands produce sweat that cools the skin. – Dermal blood vessels dilate to release heat |
| • Homeostasis is | the process of maintaining balance & stability of body systems. – Thermoregulation – The integumentary system helps different body systems work to maintain homeostasis. – Skin conditions often signal other medical conditions. |
| Dermatitis | Any infection or inflammation of the skin. • dermat/o- = skin • -itis = infection of, inflammation of |
| Edema | Swelling from excessive amounts of fluid that move from the blood into the dermis or subQ. |
| Hemorrhage | Injury to the blood vessels that releases blood into the skin. |
| Lesion | Any area of visible damage on the skin or a variation from normal skin. |
| pitting edema. | Fingertip pressure on an area of severe edema displaces the tissue fluid and produces a deep indentation in the tissue. |
| Cyst | an elevated circular mound. its color of skin color or erythema, it contains semisolid or partly fluid filled ex: acne sebacous cyst |
| fissure | a small crack like crevise. its color is erythema, it contains non;some fluid exudate ex: dry, chapped skin |
| macule | a flat circle, it is pigmented brown or blane, it doesn't contain anythin, ex: freckle, age spot |
| papule | is elevated, it is skin color or erythema, it is solid ex: acne pimple |
| pustute | is elevated, white top, has pus ex: acne whitehead |
| scale | flat to slightly elevated, thin flake, it is white, with nothing ex: dandruff or psoriasis |
| vesicle | is elevated with pointed top, is colored erythema with a transparent top, clear fluid ex: herpes, chickenpox, shingles |
| wheal | is elevated with broad, flat top, is erythema witha. pale top, has clear fluid ex: insect nite urticarla |
| Neoplasm | New growth on the skin, benign or malignant. • neo- = new • -plasm = growth |
| Pruritus | The condition of itching; may be associated with many diseases, especially allergic reactions on the skin. |
| Rash | A red or pink skin lesion that is flat or raised, itchy or not itchy. |
| Xeroderma | Excessively dry skin. • xer/o- = dry • -derma = skin |
| Albinism | Genetic mutation in which melanocytes do not produce melanin; results in a lack of coloration of the skin, hair, and eye. |
| Cyanosis | A bluish-purple discoloration of the skin and nails. • cyan/o- = blue • -osis = condition, process |
| Erythema | Red discoloration of the skin; may be local or over large areas of skin. |
| Jaundice | Yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera due to inability of the liver to process bilirubin. |
| Necrosis | Gray-to-black discoloration of skin due to skin death from a burn, ulcer, wound, or poor blood supply. • necr/o- = dead tissue • -osis = condition, process |
| Vitiligo | Autoimmune disease in which melanocytes are slowly destroyed and patches of depigmentation appear. |
| Abrasion | Sliding or scraping injury that mechanically removes the epidermis. |
| Blister | Fluid-filled sac with a thin, transparent covering of epidermal cells; caused by repetitive rubbing injury. |
| Burns | Caused by heat, hot objects, steam, boiling water, electricity, chemicals, and radiation. • Superficial • Partial-thickness • Full-thickness |
| A burn caused the | epidermis to separate from the dermis. Leaking tissue fluid caused the epidermis to swell and form a large, fluid-filled bulla. |
| Callus | Thickened, elevated pad on the dermis caused by repetitive rubbing. |
| Cicatrix | Collagen that forms as an injury heals; a scar. |
| Excoriation | Superficial injury with a sharp object that creates a linear scratch on the skin. |
| Keloid | Firm abnormally large scar that grows larger than the original injury due to overproduction of collagen. |
| A keloid is | a scar that continues to grow until it is larger than the original injury. Depending on its location and size, a keloid can be cosmetically unacceptable. |
| Laceration | Linear penetrating wound; may have clean-cut edges or torn, ragged edges. |
| Pressure injury | Ulcer in the skin caused by epidermal and dermal breakdown; associated with constant pressure on the skin that decreases blood flow over bony areas. |
| Abscess | Localized pus-containing pocket under the skin caused by a bacterial infection. • Furuncle: Abscess around a hair follicle • Carbuncle: Several furuncles |
| • Furuncle: | Abscess around a hair follicle |
| • Carbuncle: | Several furuncles |
| Cellulitis | Infection and inflammation of the connective tissues of the skin and muscle. • cellul/o- = cell • -itis = infection of, inflammation of |
| Herpes | Infection with herpes simplex; involves vesicles, erythema, edema, and pain. • Type 1 • Type 2 • Varicella-zoster |
| Tinea | Fungal infection of the skin; severe itching and burning with red, scaly lesions. • Tinea capitis • Tinea corporis • Tinea cruris • Tinea pedis |
| Verruca | Rough, irregular skin lesion caused by the human papillomavirus; occurs on hands, fingers, or soles of the feet. |
| Pediculosis | Infestation of lice and their eggs (nits); can occur in the scalp, hair, eyelashes, and genital area. |
| Scabies | Infestation of parasitic mites that tunnel under the skin and produce itchy vesicles; caused by the same parasite that causes mange in dogs. |
| Contact dermatitis | Dermatitis caused by physical contact with an allergen or irritant like deodorant, soap, makeup, or urine. |
| Urticaria | Local allergic reaction to food, plants, animals, insect bites, or drugs; caused by release of histamines and involves raised areas of redness and edema that occur suddenly. • Hives • Wheals • Welts |
| Actinic keratosis | Raised, rough areas that develop after chronic sun exposure. |
| Hemangioma | Mass of superficial, dilated blood vessels present at birth; usually disappears without treatment. |
| Lipoma | Rounded growth of adipose tissue in the skin. • lip/o- = fat • -oma = mass or tumor |
| Nevus | Lesion that comes in a variety of shapes and colors; present at birth. |
| Papilloma | Soft, flesh-colored growth that protrudes from the skin; grows as a flap or polyp on a stalk. |
| Senile lentigo | Light-to-dark brown, flat macules that occur on the skin in areas exposed to the sun; also called age spots or liver spots. |
| Syndactyly | Condition in which the skin and tissues between the toes or fingers are joined. • syn- = together • -dactyly = condition of fingers or toes |
| Basal cell carcinoma | Begins in the basal epidermis; slow-growing cancer that appears as a raised, pearly bump. |
| Malignant melanoma | Begins in melanocytes; fast-growing and spreading cancer. melan/o- = black • -oma = mass or tumor |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Begins in the squamous epidermis; slow-growing red bump or ulcer. |
| Kaposi sarcoma | Affects skin, subQ, mucous membranes, and internal organs; elevated, irregular, dark reddish-blue masses on the skin. |
| A, | for asymmetry The lesion is not symmetric; one side is different from the other. |
| B, | ffor border The border edge of the lesion is irregular. |
| C, | for color The color varies from black to brown to red in the same lesion. |
| D, | for diameter The diameter is greater than 6 millimeters, or ¼ of an inch. |
| Psoriasis | Autoimmune disorder in which too many abnormal epidermal cells are produced; produces itch, silvery scales, and plaques. |
| Scleroderma | Autoimmune disorder in which the skin and internal organs harden due to abnormal collagen deposits. • scler/o- = hard • -derma = skin |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | Autoimmune disorder in which collagen in the skin and connective tissues deteriorates; characterized by butterfly rash on nose and cheeks. |
| Acne vulgaris | Chronic skin condition of adolescence; sebum hardens and blocks hair follicles, producing comedos. |
| Rosacea | Chronic skin condition of middle age; skin has blotchy erythema and dilated blood vessels. |
| Seborrhea | Overproduction of sebum at any time other than adolescence; results in alternating oily areas and dry, scaly skin. |
| Anhidrosis | Congenital absence of sweat glands; no sweat is produced and heat is intolerable. |
| Diaphoresis | Profuse sweating; may indicate a serious underlying condition like myocardial infarction, hyperthyroidism, or drug withdrawal. |
| Alopecia | Loss of hair from the scalp due to disease, medication, or changes in hormone levels. • Chronic loss in men due to decreases in testosterone. • Chronic loss in women caused by decreases in estradiol. |
| Hirsutism | Presence of excessive, dark hair on the forearms and upper lip of women; caused by hormone changes |
| Clubbing and cyanosis | Abnormal downward curve and bluish coloration of the fingernails accompanied by stunted growth of the fingers; associated with lack of oxygen in cystic fibrosis. |
| Onychomycosis | Fungal infection of the nail; nail root is infected and the nail is deformed as it grows. onych/o- = fingernail, toenail myc/o- = fungus -osis = condition |
| Allergy skin testing | Intradermal injection or scratch of liquid allergen; formation of a wheal in response to the allergen is indicative of allergy. |
| Culture and sensitivity (C&S) | Growth of bacteria taken from a wound or lesion in a lab; colonies are used to make a diagnosis and to determine the correct antibiotic treatment. |
| RAST | Blood mixed with an allergen to measure the amount of IgE produced in response; used to identify an allergy and its severity. |
| Skin scraping | Scraping of cells from a lesion done with the edge of a scalpel; cells are examined under a microscope to diagnose tinea. |
| Tzanck test | Scraping of fluid from a vesicle to produce a slide for microscopic inspection; used to diagnose herpes virus and shingles. |
| Wood lamp or light | Ultraviolet light used to highlight areas of abnormal skin; light makes vitiligo appear bright white and tinea capitis appear blue-green. |
| Botox injections | Treatment for deep wrinkles; Botox is injected into muscle; releases wrinkle lines and prevents the muscle from contracting. |
| Collagen injections | Treatment for wrinkles or acne scars; liquid collagen solution plumps up skin to decrease the depth of the wrinkle or scar. |
| Cryolipolysis | Treatment for unwanted fat deposits; cold device applied to the skin freezes fat cells and causes them to crystalize and die. |
| Cryosurgery | Treatment for benign or small malignant lesions; liquid nitrogen is applied to the lesion to freeze and kill it. • cry/o- = cold • surg/o- = operative procedure • -ery = process |
| Curettage | Treatment for superficial skin lesions; a curet is used to scrape away lesions. |
| Debridement | Treatment for necrotic tissue removal; prevents infection and creates a clean, raw surface for healing or grafting. • Mechanical • Topical • Surgical |
| Electrosurgery | Treatment for benign or small malignant lesions; electricity evaporates cellular contents and kills cells. • Fulguration • Electrodesiccation • Electrosection |
| Laser surgery | Treatment for mark removal; laser wavelengths react to color and break it up. |
| Skin examination | Inspection of the skin during dermatologist visit; may involve all of the skin or a specific rash or lesion. |
| Incision and drainage (I&D) | Treatment to drain fluid; an incision is made and fluid is expressed or drained. |
| Skin resurfacing | Treatment to improve skin appearance; involves removal of part of the epidermis. • Chemical peel • Dermabrasion • Laser resurfacing • Microdermabrasion |
| Skin turgor assessment | Assessment of hydration level; skin fold is pulled up and time to flatten is noted. |
| Suturing | Treatment to bring edges of skin together after laceration in injury; sewing skin and tissue together. |
| Ultherapy® | Treatment for wrinkles on the face and neck; ultrasound waves stimulate production of new collagen |
| Anesthetic drugs | Provide temporary numbness of the skin during procedures that involve cutting or suturing. |
| Antibiotic drugs | Treat bacterial infections or acne vulgaris; may be topical or oral. |
| Antifungal drugs | Treat fungal infections; may be topical or oral depending upon the fungus involved. |
| Antipruritic drugs | Treat itching associated with skin diseases; may be topical or oral. |
| Antiviral drugs | Treat viral infections; may be topical or oral. |
| Coal tar drugs | Treat psoriasis by slowing multiplication of epidermal cells; applied topically. |
| Corticosteroid drugs | Treat inflammation by suppressing the immune response; may be topical or oral. |
| Alopecia drugs | Improve blood flow to the scalp to increase hair growth; may be topical or oral. |
| Drugs for infestations | Treats scabies (mites) and pediculosis (lice); applied topically as a lotion and shampoo. |
| Photodynamic therapy (PDT) | Treat skin cancer with a combination of a laser light and a photosensitizing drug. |
| Psoralen drugs | Treat psoriasis along with ultraviolet light. |
| Vitamin A-type drugs | Treat acne vulgaris and severe cystic acne; may be topical or oral. |
| Topical | Applied directly to the skin; has a local effect. |
| Transdermal | Patches that are placed on the skin; drug is absorbed through the skin and transported through the blood to exert a systemic effect. |
| Intradermal | Needle inserted just within the epidermis; used for tuberculosis and allergy testing. |
| Hypodermic | Needle inserted all the way into the subcutaneous tissue. |
| Biopsy (Bx) | Removal of all or part of a skin lesion or tumor; specimen is sent to the pathology department for examination and diagnosis. • Excisional • Incisional • Punch • Shave ‒ bi/o- = living tissue ‒ -opsy = process of viewing |
| Dermatoplasty | Any type of plastic surgery to the skin; includes grafting, keloid removal, and facelift. |
| Liposuction | Removal of excessive fat deposits by suctioning out subcutaneous tissue. |
| Mohs surgery | Removal of skin cancers with irregular shapes and depths; operating microscope is used to examine each layer removed. |
| Rhytidectomy | Rhytidectomy Removal of wrinkles to tighten loose skin on the face; may be accompanied by blepharoplasty. • rhytid/o- = wrinkle • -ectomy = surgical removal |
| Skin grafting | Use of human or artificial skin to provide a temporary covering or permanent layer of skin over a burn or wound. • Allograft • Autograft • Synthetic |
| Bx | biopsy |
| C&S | culture and sensitivity |
| Derm | dermatology (short form) |
| HAI | healthcare-associated infection |
| HSV | herpes simplex virus |
| I&D | incision and drainage |
| IgE | immunoglobulin E |
| PDT | photodynamic therapy |
| PUVA | psoralen (drug and) ultraviolet A (light therapy) |
| SLE | systemic lupus erythematosus |
| SQ | subcutaneous |
| subcu or subQ | subcutaneous (short form) |
| UVB | ultraviolet light B |
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