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APUSH Unit 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acronym: BUILDINGS | Big Business Urbanization Immigration Labor unions Depressions Indian wars New south Granger Laws Silver |
| Which animal, vital to Native Americans, is becoming extinct in the Gilded Age? | bison |
| What helped to connect the U.S. more in the Gilded Age? | Railroads were connected between E+W and time zones were created to regulate timing better. |
| The Homestead Act | 1862 act that est. procedures for distributing 160 acre lots to western settlers on condition that they develop and farm their land, incentive for western migration |
| What happened to the Native Americans with Western migration in the Gilded Age? | They were forced onto reservations with little land and few resources. |
| Causes of Westward expansion + settlement in the Gilded Age? | transcontinental railroad, homestead act, morrill land grant act, timber/mining out west |
| Effects of Westward expansion + settlement in the Gilded Age? | McCormick Reaper, barbed wire grange movement: farmers' alliances, Populist party, silver (bimetalism) |
| Effects of W expansion on natives in the Gilded Age | -battle of Little Bighorn, Dawes Severality Act, Carlisle Indian school, wounded knee massacre |
| "New South" characteristics in the Gilded Age | Henry Grady (journalist), industrialization (Birmingham Steel factory), King Cotton, Segregation (Plessy), convict leasing, railroads, constitutional right to vote, sharecropping |
| What was the big inequality in the Gilded Age? | Between the rich and poor. The rich said "work harder" then paid low wages |
| Captains of Industry? | improved economy, business leader, new inventions, useful products, job creation, philanthropy (giving) |
| Robber Barons | got rich by exploiting workers, competitors, consumers. No philanthropy, limited healthy competition |
| Laissez-Faire | hands-off approach from gov't, doesn't regulate business. It was mostly used to prevent strikes, helping big businesses |
| Social Darwinism | those who are rich are better people and work harder, poorest "deserve" spot in society because lazy or dumb, survival of fittest |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | Outlaws things that interfere with interstate business, rarely enforced, meant to target trusts/monopolies yet used against unions. |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | more enforcement capability |
| Big Business' goals in the Gilded Age | keep costs and wages low, keep prices high |
| How were workers "crushed?" | low wages and high rent by businessmen |
| corporation | company recognized by law to exist independently from its owners, ability to own property, borrow money, sue or be sued. |
| Vertical Integration | combination of one company in ever step of production (ex. Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Steel Co.) |
| Horizontal Integration | owning or mergine with another company to have lots of the same part of the supply chain (all transport, factories, etc) (ex. John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil Co.) |
| Monopoly | company that completely dominates a particular industry, kills competition |
| Trust | a set of companies managed by a small group of trustees, who coordinate prices with one another |
| oligopoly | market shared by small number of producers or sellers |
| Where did many immigrants come from in the Gilded Age? | more south and east of Europe, Asia, China, Japan, Mexico |
| Populist Party wants | direct election of senators, initiatives and referendums (people get direct say in laws), graduated income tax, government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, Bi-metalism (gold+silver, to + inflation, good for debtors), initially biracial |
| Inflation! Who liked/disliked? | Good for debtors, bad for creditors. |
| Democratic | support from farmers, workers, catholic immigrants, some businessmen, supported low tariff (cheaper imports), opposed reforms, only S party, controlled by political machines, anti-Reconstruction "redeemers," free silver, pro-business |
| Republican | nationalist, moral reform, coalition of N businessmen, Union vets, businessmen, craftsmen/professionals, higher tariff (American Industry) controlled by political machines, waved bloody shirt, gold standard, pro-business |
| What was Tammany Hall? | Boss Tweed taking money, political machine, corruption, money, winning elections |
| Who was still left out of America in the Gilded Age? | The Chinese-the Chinese Exclusion Act was still underway |
| Women and reform in the Gilded Age? | WCTU (temperance union), NAWSA (suffragists), Hull House (Jane Addams) (immigrants, sometimes patronizing), Social work, some in workforce |
| subtreasury system | loans, selling and storing crops |
| What did agriculture increasingly become in the Gilded Age? | mechanized, meaning rising productivity, falling prices, fewer farmers |
| Shipping problems in the Gilded Age? | railroads often monopolistic |
| How did the problem get worse for farmers in the Gilded Age? | To combat falling prices, they planted more goods, which made prices fall more. They all went to market at the same time, making prices low. |
| The Grange | a social and education group(s) for farmers, started co-ops |
| Farmers' Alliances | farmers groups that pushed for economic and political change |
| Populist (People's) Party | founded 1892, wanted increased democracy and increased government intervention in the economy, popular in S and W (farmers, socialists, knights of labor, etc.) |
| Inventions in the Gilded Age | sewing machines (Singer), phonograph, telephone, Bessemer process, electric lightbulbs, elevators, mechanical reapers, middle management, consumer culture (catalogues/ready-to-wear), skyscrapers & steel |
| Business advancements in the Gilded Age | trusts, monopolies, vertical integration, horizontal integration |
| How did companies grow and increase output in the Gilded Age? | Increased labor pool because of immigration, women labor, and child labor (parents needed more money) |
| As production increased in the Gilded Age, what decreased? | prices of goods |
| How did the middle class increase in the Gilded Age? | There was a larger need for managers and clerical workers, as well as more access to education |
| What increased in the Middle/High class during the Gilded Age? | leisure time! Biking, sports, libraries, theaters, vaudeville, amusement parks, Wild West shows, camping, PT Barnum, camping, orchestra, etc. |
| How did women gain economic mobility in the Gilded Age? | New jobs opened to women such as nurse, teacher, and secretary. |
| Gospel of Wealth | Andrew Carnegie, wealthy should use their wealth to improve society |
| "Bread and butter" unionism in the Gilded Age | they fought for higher wages, shorter hours (8), and better working conditions (AFL/ Samuel Gompers) |
| Railroad strike of 1877 | largest strike, partly a general strike, broken up by gov. b/c of mail |
| Knights of Labor | Union open to all workers: African Americans, women, skilled and unskillled. Disbanded after blamed for Haymarket, led by Powderly |
| Haymarket Riot of 1886 | Police vs. workers violence; anarchists executed for "inciting" the crime. (weren't even there, but blamed b/c of words) |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | Skilled workers union, focused on bread and butter issues, connected to Homestead and Pullman strikes, led by Samuel Gompers |
| Homestead Strike | Strike in Pennsylvania steel factory against Carnegie and Frick, ends with Pinkertons, violence, and Federal troops |
| Pullman Strike | Strike in Chicago, "company town" joined by railroad workers, led by Eugene V Debs, broken by SCOTUS and federal troops |
| Industrial Workers of the World (IWW; Wobblies) | Marxist union, accepted al lworkers, too radical to ever gain much of a following, lumped together with other unions to tarnish the whole labor union |
| Immigrants in the Gilded Age push/pull? | Push: limited opportunity, poverty, religious persecution, political persecution Pull: opportunity-cities for industrial jobs |
| Where did many immigrants live in the Gilded Age? | ethnic, racial or class enclaves that gave them support and new cultural opportunities. They were forced to assimilate, but still kept many of their own cultural aspects. |
| Settlement Houses | founded by Jane Addams in Chicago to help immigrants adapt to US language and customs. Sometimes helpful, sometimes condescending. |
| Aspects the South continued during the Gilded Age | racial discrimination, white supremacy, economic expansion, voting discrimination (women/black), forced labor of African Americans via sharecropping or convict leasing, black codes/Jim Crow laws |
| Political machines | gave social services to recent immigrants for their votes |
| graft | political corruption, power used to benefit themselves or party |
| Utopians/socialists | Eugene V. Debs, Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward, utopian future, Progress and Poverty, progressive income tax |
| Social Gospel | Christians who advocated for social reform, to help the poor, criticized for lax theology. (Salvation army, YMCA), Walter Rauschenbusch-Bible and bread |
| Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act | 1883, after Garfield's assassination, this (somewhat) ended the spoils system and started a merit-based employment system for the US gov. |
| Interstate Commerce Commission | 1887, empowered the gov to regulate interstate commerce (initially railroads), largely Toothless |
| Preservationists | those who advocated for keeping nature undisturbed (John Muir and the Sierra Club) |
| Conservationists | those who advocated for carefully managing nature (Yellowstone 1872) |
| Muckrackers | Journalists who wrote exposés to expose corruption or poverty (ex. Thomas Nast v. Boss Tweed, Ida B. Wells-Barnett v. S lynching, Jacob Riis terrible urban conditions) |
| How did power shift during the Gilded Age? | water-steam wood/whale oil-kerosene horse-engine |
| What happened to the standard of living (on average) during the Gilded Age? | it went up! |
| Taylorism | efficiency and scientific management |
| Morrill Land Grant Act | Gave land for colleges to benefit agriculture and mechanical things |
| Battle of Little Bighorn | 1876 battle in Montana Territory in which Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his troops were massacred by the Lakota Sioux |
| Dawes Severalty Act | broke up tribal lands into individual plots (reservations) |
| Carlisle Indian School | assimilationist schools for American Indian children |
| Wounded Knee Massacre | Plains Indians did Ghost Dance, a rifle misfired, and U.S. soldiers invaded the encampment killing around 250 million people. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | 1882, kept Chinese out |
Created by:
amayal22