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biol 450 Unit 1
BIOL 450 The Oceanic Environment parts A-D
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Definition of Marine Biology | study of organisms that live in the sea including all water that has some degree of salinity includes many other sciences |
| Marine biologist vs oceanographers? | studying the living vs the non-living |
| what are the 3 core components of marine biology? | functional biology, ecology, evolution |
| what is meant by functional biology? | how an organism carries out basic functions like reproduction, locomotion, feeding, cellular, and biochemical processes |
| what is meant by ecology? | factors in distributions and abundance of organisms - includes marine habitats and interactions between organisms and environment |
| what is meant by evolution? | appearance, adaptation, and change in heritable characteristics over generations |
| what is meant by biodiversity? (overarching of the 3 core components) | number and or variety of species in space and time |
| where do you see most biodiversity? | the tropics |
| who set up the first oceanographic institute? (portuguese) | Prince Henry (the navigator!) |
| who explored the south ocean and visited australia and measured longitude? | James Cook, with a chronometer |
| First royal navy survey ship name? | HMS beagle |
| Who was carried on the HMS Beagle? | Charles Darwin |
| What did the HMS Beacon, Lightning, and Porcupine do? | investigated deep sea biology off ireland and scotland, got deep water species |
| What did the HMS Challenger do? | 4.7k new species and deepest part of the ocean |
| who was edward forbes? | sailed on The Beacon, developed the Azoic theory **FIRST MARINE SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESIS! |
| What is the azoic theory? | no life exists deeper than 500m |
| Who disproved the azoic theory? | Michael Sars by collecting specimens from Norwegian fjord |
| What theory did charles darwin propose (marine) | the theory of coral reef subsidence |
| what is the theory of coral reef subsidence? | atolls form as volcanic islands sink, allowing coral reefs to grow and form a lagoon in the center. Example: Funafuti Atoll in Tuvalu exemplifies Darwin's theory, showcasing a complete coral ring encircling a central lagoon. |
| who was on the Challenger expedition in the 1870s? | wyville thomson and naturalist sir john nurray |
| what was the point of the challenger? | sampling a lot of marine organisms, published 50 volumes of information from how much they collected |
| where did Jozef do some school? | Plymouth laboratory of the marine biological association, UK |
| function and purpose of a sonar? example? | sonar uses sound waves to detect, locate, and determine the characteristics of underwater objects. mapping the seafloor, useful for warfare during WW1 |
| what is the difference between an active sonar and a passive sonar? | active one emits pings and measures the sound waves produced to calculate distance, passive listens to sounds produced by objects to map |
| list and describe 4 contributions of scuba diving to studying marine biology | direct observations, sample collection, ecosystem exploration, non-destructive research, in situ experimentation, improved species distribution mapping, citizen science, seasonal studies |
| what is the purpose of a submersible or remotely operated vehicle (ROV)? | allow direct exploration of marine environment when scuba is not an option. examples: deepsea challenger (mariana trench), Alvin (Jozefs! galapagos rift), The Ventana (monterey bay) |
| Some info on The Ventana? | Monterey Bay in California, connected to a mother vessel, has high definition video, two grabber arms, sonar, samplers, sample box. max depth 4000m |
| Differences btwn ROV and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV)? | not connected to a ship, have balancing devices, advanced have buoyancy engine. essentially ROV but smarter since autonomous |
| some sampling that happens on ships? (one in particular) | noted the CTD: conductivity, temperature, density device. Many bottles tied together, drop into water and open bottle at any depth you want to collect a sample at diff depths |
| Ocean observatories are... | fiber optic cable systems with video observation, sensing of physical variables like temperature and currents, also chemical measurements. this is CONSTANT. |
| Reasons why there is still so much unknown about the ocean? | cold, dark, high pressure, low oxygen deep (half of ocean is deeper than 3km) massive constantly shifting |
| what is the SMART criteria for a hypothesis? | S - specific M - measurable A - achievable R - relevant T - temporal also needs to be testable and reproducible |
| What are the three key characteristics of a habitat that he outlined and say a word or two about them | Geographic location - physical space where organisnms live Resource availability - food water shelter Species-specific - either generalists or specialists live in any given habitat |
| Name an example of a generalist | The harbour seal that is adaptable to various water temperatures and has a wide range of food sources |
| Example of a specialist? | A dugong needs warm eater and lives off sea grass therefore is limited in habitat |
| Intertidal zone definition? | Zone between the highest and lowest extent of the tide (high tide - low tide) |
| Sub tidal zone | Depths below the lowest extent of vertical tidal motion in a benthic environment. In other words, any area of sea that is further away from shore than the point of low tide. See graphic |
| Continental shelf | Encompasses area from high tide to the shelf-slope break (usually 100-200m from the shore) |
| Oceanic/pelagic | Water column after the shelf-slope break (essential everything that remains after the continental shelf) includes all the “pelagic”s |
| What are the pelagic regions, what are the estimated depths and say one more thing about each region (try to) | Epipelagic - 0-200m - is the euphoric zone where photosynthesis happens. Surface. Mesopelagic - 200m - 1km -is the darker zone bellow epipelagic Bathypelagic - 1-4km - deep sea, cold, no light Abyssopelagic - 4-6km - Hadal- >6km - seabed, trenches |
| What is the aphotic zone | No light so no photosynthesis there |
| Tell me about plankton | Live in suspended water column, (mostly) cannot move against water current |
| What is neuston | Planktonic organism associated with air-water interface. Small range, in an ecological niche, includes organisms like water bugs |
| What is nekton | Organism with swimming abilities that permits them to move more actively through water column and against currents* examples include octopi, fish, sea turtles |
| What is benthos | Organisms that live associated with the sea bottom (epifaunal and infaunal) for example sea urchins, snails, barnacles |
| Right but what is epifaunal/infaunal? | Infaunal - organisms living in soft sediment and big enough to displace sedimentary grains (mussels, snails, flatworms) Epifaunal - living on the surface of the seabed (starfish, corals) |
| Semi-infaunal means..? | Occupying an intermediate position between fully infaunal (totally buried in sediment) and epifaunal (living on seabed surface) for example (i.e. sea pens) |
| What is boring? | Organisms that burrow into and damage submerged structures (esp wood) and hard sediment in marine environments (ex. Shipworm called Teredo, burrows into wood) |
| What was the determining factor in the establishment of layers of the earth? | Material density, causing crustal differentiation under the force of gravity. Densest materials are the inner and outer core (most centered) and the mantle, crust, oceans, and atmosphere are less dense |
| What is the origin of water in the oceans? (Gave 5 points) | Primordial origins (during earth formation), asteroid impacts (carrying water and crashing into earth), cometary contributions (same thing), planterary outgassing (earth released water vapour through volcanic activity into atmosph.) and chemical rxns |
| Approx when did ocean formation begin in the history of the earth | 3.8 billion years ago when planet cooled sufficiently for water vapour to condense to liquid form |
| What is interesting about the 3.8 bya mark in time? | Matches approx time when first prokaryotes emerged |
| What is the great oxidation event? | When organisms started to produce oxygen through photosynthesis (like Cyanobacteria) which increased atmospheric O2, which eventually led to evolution of eukaryotes. Went from anoxic/low O2 earth to 21%. |
| What water is considered to be the “world’s ocean”? | Sum of all oceans and marginal seas |
| Right, but what is a marginal sea?? | Generally smaller + shallower, partly enclosed by land masses, more influenced by land factors, distinct circulation patterns influenced by shape + freshwater input + evaporation, usually have more complex sea floor topography |
| Discuss minimum 3/6 factors that are different between ocean and marginal sea (he will probably ask this!) | 1. Size + depth: larger or smaller, shallower or deeper 2. Enclosure: open + expansive or partly enclosed 3. Proximity to land: closer or further, and terrestrial factor influence 4. Human influence: “” 5. Water circulation 6. Bathymetry: topography |
| Give an example of a marginal sea | The gulf of mexico |
| Give the %s (approximate at least): how much of earths surface is water How much of northern hemisphere is water How much of southern How much is deeper than 2km Deepest area (km) | Ocean: 71% Northern hemisphere: 61% Southern hemisphere: 80% Deeper than 2km: 84% Deepest: Mariana Trench 11km |
| Which ocean is the largest in area, volume, depth (avg and maximum!) | The Pacific Ocean ! |
| Which are the next two largest? | Atlantic and Indian oceans |
| Describe the mid atlantic ridge | Line of volcanoes formed in the mid Atlantic Ocean actively making new sea floor - runs through Iceland. Is contributing 1 inch per year. Slowly increasing size of the ocean! |
| What are the.4 main topographic features of the ocean floor? | Continental shelf, continental slope, deep sea floor/bottom, oceanic ridges |
| What is the continental shelf? | Low slope platform (about 1 degree of descent so almost flat) from shoreline to 10-300km from the shore |
| What is the continental slope? | Seaward of shelf slope break, depths 100-200m, grade increases to about 2.9 degrees |
| Deep sea floor/bottom is… | Continental rise 2-4km deep, abyssal plain 4-6km deep, and seamounts that are up to 1km above sea floor |
| What are oceanic ridges? | Linear structure with volcanic origin (rise 2-4km) may even reach sea surface! Forming islands like Iceland ! Example is the mid Atlantic ridge |
| What is a trench? | In some areas on deep sea floor that are long, narrow, and even deeper than average floor. I.e. Mariana trench |
| Moving onto seawater! | Ok! |
| How does water density relate to temperature and salinity? | Colder water is denser, saltier water is denser |
| What is the benefit of water having a high heat of vaporization | Water evaporates slowly and has a high boiling temp |
| What is the benefit of water having a high heat capacity? | Storing heat helps buffer against rising and falling temperatures, therefore moderating the climate |
| What are the primary seawater temperature regulators | Mixing of water and solar energy input |
| What is the difference between low latitudes of seawater and high latitudes in regard to heat? | Net capture of solar energy as heat at low latitudes (equatorial) (less at height latitudes) Importantly, this is regarding SURFACE WATER |
| What is thermocline? | Distinct water layer with rapid change in temp with depth. This separates warm upper layer(less dense) from cooler deeper layer (more dense) |
| Name 3 additions to ocean heat | Solar heating Geothermal heating - thru sea floor, hydrothermal vents, deep ocean basins Internal friction - tidal friction due to moon and sun, friction between water layers, friction btwn wind and ocean surface |
| Name 3 losses to ocean heat | Back radiation of surface ocean - long wave radiation emission based on ocean temp Convection of heat to atm. - ocean heating air above surface by convection and conduction Evaporation - vapour carries heat then releases it during condensation |
| What is the temp range oceanic vs terrestrial ? | Oceanic -1.9-40 degrees, terrestrial -68.5-58 degrees |
| What is an osmoconforming organism | He matches the salt content with the water salt content (conforming to salinity of surroundings) for example the hagfish |
| What is an osmoregulator | He continues to readjust salt content to meet his needs like a salmon |
| Definition of salinity? | Dissolved inorganic salts in seawater hence present as ions. Measured in g/1000g seawater, in other words parts per million (ppm) |
| What is the other unit of salinity and define? | Practical salinity unit (psu) comparing water conductivity ratio of seawater to lab prepared KCl solution |
| Typical seawater salinity in psu? | 34 psu |
| Main controllers of salinity? ~2 | Evaporation/sea ice formation (loss of water, so saltier) Precipitation/sea ice melting/river runoff (increased water, so less salty) |
| What is the correlation between salinity and precipitation? | At longitudes that get more precipitation/less evaporation, their water is less salty, and areas that have little precipitation/more evaporation are saltier. |
| What are the two main mechanisms of making water salty | Rainwater erosion - CO2 makes rainwater slightly acidic, which weathers rocks, ions get carried in solution as dissolved salts Volcanic activity - early eruptions released salt ions into atmosphere that eventually fell to ocean |
| What are the major elements (>100ppm) in seawater and give an approximate ppm of each (6) | Chlorine (19kppm) sodium (10kppm) magnesium (1kppm) sulfur (1kppm) calcium (400ppm) potassium (400ppm) |
| What is the principle of constant element ratios and why is it useful | Elements tend to occur in constant ratios even if salinity differs. Therefore if you figure out how much of one ion you have in solution you can use ratios to estimate how much of the other ions you have. Ocean water is well mixed. |
| What are exceptions to the principle of constant element ratios and give an example or two | The principle does not apply to elements with short residency time or cycle rapidly especially if used in biological processes. For example nitrogen, phosphorous. |
| Can trace elements be used in the ratio principle? | No, they are too low ppm and are essential for marine life, they may be limiting and are not constant with other elements. Examples iron, nitrate, phosphate, silicon dioxide |
| Describe the two most important factors to seawater density and how they organize water | MOST significant is Temperature - warm less dense cold denser, creates vertical density gradient 2nd Salinity - more salty more dense, contributes to water density variation especially in polar regions |
| What are 3 major roles of density in seawater: ocean circulation | Driving the global conveyor belt facilitating movement of heat and nutrients, causes stratification that prevents mixing of layers and therefore nutrient cycling + energy transfer |
| 3 major roles of density: marine ecosystems | Driving water movement to bring nutrient rich water up (upwelling) or pushing surface water downward (downwelling) that influences nutrient distribution (promoting primary production) |
| 3 major roles of density: climate regulation | Dense water sinking at high latitudes helps redistribute heat from equator to poles to stabilize global temp. Impacts climate. |
| What is dissolved oxygen? | Oxygen dissolved in water (duh) but importantly can be used by marine life for respiration |
| How is dissolved oxygen increased/captured/obtained? | Atmospheric exchange: surface water mixing with atm. (This is less when water is warmer or saltier) Photosynthesis by marine plants and phytoplankton |
| How is dissolved oxygen lost/consumed/decreased? | Respiration ! Ocean warming: holding less DO as water warms, more stratified ocean due to bigger difference, worse DO in deep layers Chemical oxidation of organic matter either directly or indirectly (photochemical, as in UV radiation oxidation) |
| What is the formation of an oxygen minimum zone? | Combination of processes that occur leading to very little dissolved oxygen |
| List the 3 main reasons for decrease/minimum zone (OMZ) | Increase in biological activity by bacteria (consuming DO)(decomposing material) Decrease in photosynthetic activity (limited DO production) No contact with atm for oxygen exchange |
| There are 3 more. Try for them or just flip :p | Depth and light limitation: OMZ happens at depth 200-1000m so no photosynthesis Temp/stratification reduces mixing which promotes OMZ formation Basin geometry: large basins mix worse, leads to easier formation of OMZ |
| Is there more or less dissolved oxygen below the oxygen minimum zones? | There is more DO below the OMZs! |
| Why might there be more DO below OMZs? | Deep water circulation carries O2 dense water btwn latitudes Less BOD since less organic matter to decompose High pressure at depth increases solubility of O2 in water Temp gradient: colder water can hold more DO Less stratification below OMZ, O2 mix |
| What are key differences between North Atlantic and eastern pacific OMZs? | NA has stronger circulation pattern better mixing replenishes O2 better less OMZ EP has more upwelling —> feeds primary productivity —> more falling organic matter to decompose —> more oxygen consumption at depth Worse mixing leads to more OMZ formation |
| which light penetrates deepest | blue light |
| light intensity in water is highly dependent on what factor? | latitude - most light penetration at low latitude where entrance angle is 90 degrees |
| light damage is worst in clear water in tropics. how do organisms protect against UV? | calcium carbonate, absorbing UV pigments absorbing UV |
| how do plants absorb light in deeper water? | accessory pigments that help them absorb light at different wavelengths |
| how much of the ocean's water is considered surface water? | 10% |
| what is the coriolis effect? | deflection of air or water bodies relative to solid earth, as a result of the earths spin east |
| which way are all of the northern waters turned? | clockwise (to the right of original direction) |
| which way are all the southern waters turned? | counter clockwise (to the left of original direction) |
| at what latitudes is the earth spinning fastest and slowest | high latitude - slower low latitude - faster (equator) |
| what is the ekman spiral | water movement up to 200m deep due to cohesive properties & drag on water layers |
| what is the driving force of the ekman spiral | wind currents |
| what is the main driver of coastal upwelling? | ekman transport!! |
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alexyaya