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ap world unit 1
tiu midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Song China | imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. Replaced the Tang. Imperial Bureaucracy. Ruled by emperor Song Taizu |
| Imperial Bureaucracy | head of the ___ is an emperor, empress, or similar figure, such as a sultan. refers to the government bureaucracy of an empire. A vast organization in which appointed official carried out the empires policies. |
| Civil Service Exam (CCE) | Song Taizu expanded educational opportunities to young men of the lower economic classes so they could score well on the ___. By scoring well, a young man could obtain a highly desired job in the bureaucracy. Based on knowledge of Confucian texts. |
| Meritocracy | Because officials obtained their positions by demonstrating their merit on CCE, china's bureaucratic system was known as a ___. the poor were unrepresented in the bureaucracy. |
| Grand Canal | inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended over 30,000 miles. Supported vibrant internal trade while advances in naval technology allowed China to control trade in the South China Sea. |
| Gunpowder | Invented in China in previous dynasties, innovators in the Song Dynasty made the first guns. Technology of making ___ and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the silk roads. |
| Champa Rice | A fast-ripening and drought resistant strain of rice from the Champa Kingdom greaty expanded agricultural production in China. Allowed farming to spread to where rice could not grow. Summer crop and winter crop. Surplus of food and population. |
| Proto-industrialization | A set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell. Relied on home-based/community-based production using simple tools. |
| Magnetic Compass | help with navigation by telling users which direction they are heading; North, South, East, or West. China used this in maritime navigation |
| Financial instruments (flying cash and paper money) | China became the worlds most commercialized society. Economy changed from local consumption to market production. |
| Tributary system | arrangement in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor. Cemented China;s economic and political power over several foreign countries, created stability and trade for all parties involved. |
| kowtow | a ritual in which anyone greeting the Chinese emperor must bow his or her head until it reached the floor. |
| Zheng He | Sent out tremendous fleets to demonstrate the power of the emperor and to receive tribute. |
| Neo-confucianism | a syncretic system combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism. Emphasized ethics rather than the mysteries of God and nature. |
| syncretic | characterized or brought about by a combination of different forms of belief or practice. |
| foot binding | young girls had their feet wrapped so tightly the bones did not grow naturally. Bound feet signified social status, something suitors desires. restricted women's ability to move. |
| patriarchy | a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. |
| sinification | the assimilation or spread of Chinese culture. During the Tang and Song dynasties, Chinese civilization became so dynamic and powerful that it influenced, or sinicized, several prominent areas around it. |
| Heian period | period in Japanese history when the Chinese influences were in decline and the national culture matured. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court, noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. |
| Daimyo | Landowning aristocrats battled for control of land. powerful feudal lords in Japan who ruled over vast estates and held significant political and military power during the Edo period |
| Bushido | the way of warrior, the codex of Samurai during feudal Japan which promoted the importance of loyalty, honor and martial arts. |
| Mamluks | Enslaved people often purchased by Arabs who were frequently ethnic Turks from central Asia to serve as soldiers and later as bureaucrats. more opportunities for advancement than most enslaved peoples. In Egypt, __ seized control of the government |
| seljuk turks | conquered parts of the middle east, extending power as far east as western China. leader called himself sultan, reducing the whole of the highest-ranking Abbasid from caliph to chief sunni religious authority. |
| Sultan vs Caliph | Seljuk leader called himself sultan, therefore reducing the role of the highest ranking Abbasid from caliph to chief sunni religious authority. |
| crusaders | Abbasids allowed Christians to travel easily to and fro their holy sites. Seljuk Turks limited this travel. European Christians organized groups of soldiers called ___ to reopen access. |
| Mongols | Known for warfare, but celebrated for productive peace. Attacked Abbasid empire, came from Central Asia. Ended Seljuk rule and conquered Abbasid. |
| Baghdad | leading cultural and intellectual hub in the Islamic world. At its height one of the largest cities in the world, known for its impressive architecture. in between trade routes controlled by Abbasids. Center of trade |
| Abbasid Caliphate | led by Arabs and Persians, but the later islamic states were shaped by Turkic people who descended from people in central Asia |
| Shariah | the Islamic law derived from the Quran and Hadith, governing various aspects of a Muslim's life, including moral, ethical, and legal matters. |
| Five pillars | the core beliefs and practices of Islam. 1) Profession of Faith (no God but god and Muhammad is messenger) 2)Prayer 5x 3)Alms to poor 4)Fasting during ramadan 5)Pilgrimage to mecca |
| Hijab | Term that refers to the practice of dressing modestly or to a specific type of covering. women often covered their heads and faces |
| Harem | a place in a Muslim household for women. |
| House of Wisdom | founded under the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad and became a model for later centers of learning throughout the Islamic world. scholars translated important texts helping preserve classical knowledge that might have otherwise been lost. |
| Sufis | contributed greatly to the spread of Islam as their practices seemed practical and adoptable by people in foreign lands experiencing Islam for the first time. |
| Cordoba | Umayyad rulers in __ created a place of toleration, with muslims, Jews, and christians coexisting peacefully. __ had the largest library in the world at the time. |
| al-andalus | a centre for the arts, medicine, science, music, literature and philosophy |
| Buddhist Monasticism | meditation practice, study of scriptures and commentaries, communal rituals, daily routines and adhering to a code of conduct. about living ethically, refraining from harm and helping others. It's living simply as the Buddha did |
| Bhakti Movement | Hindus began to draw upon traditional teachings about the importance of emotion in spiritual life. Focused on developing strong attatchment to a particular deity. Appealed to believers bc did not discriminate against women and people of low social status |
| Sufism | Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life. mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God. |
| Cahokia | Mississippians build enormous earthen mounds. The largest of these mounds is ____, located in Southern Illinois. |
| Mexica | The Aztecs |
| Aztec Empire | human sacrifice. produced highly skilled and sensitive art, conceived perhaps the most advanced calendar of their time, and built extraordinary temples in clean and well-organized cities. |
| Hernan Cortes | notable for his role in the destruction of the Aztec Empire. a Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico |
| Tenochtitlan | Aztecs capital on the site of what is now Mexico city. Located on an island in the middle of a swampy lake in order to protect it from attacks. One of the largest cities of its time. Network of aqueducts. Chinampas |
| Chinampas | floating gardens to increase the amount of space for food production |
| Incan empire | monumental architecture, especially stonework, extensive road network reaching all corners of the empire, use of knotted strings for record keeping and communication, agricultural innovations and production. |
| Mit'a | labor system used by the Inca Empire where communities were required to send a certain number of workers to fulfill labor obligations for state projects, such as building infrastructure and agricultural work. |
| Quipu | System of knotted strings used to record numerical information for trade and engineering and for recording messages to be carried throughout the empire |
| Waru Waru | Raised beds with channels that captured and redirected rain to avoid erosion during floods and that stored water to be used during dry periods |
| Carpa Nan | Incas constructed a massive roadway system with 25,000 miles of roads used mainly by the government and military |
| Francisco Pizarro | known for being an explorer and conqueror. also known for conquering the Inca Empire and founding the city of Lima (the actual capital of Peru). |
| Hasua Kingdoms | In what is now Nigeria, people of the Hasua ethnic group formed seven states, ___ that were loosely connected through kinship ties, though they too had no central authority. |
| Trans-Saharan trade network | A network of trading routes across the great desert. trade between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa that requires travel across the Sahara. |
| Mali | known for its abundant gold resources. Founding ruler, Sundiata, was a muslim and used connections to establish trade relationships with North African and Arab merchants. Thriving gold trade. Sundiata's nephew, Mansa Musa |
| Great Zimbabwe | A powerful state in the African interior that emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; 1250 and 1350 C.E. A massive wall of stone 30 ft tall and 15 ft thick surrounded the capital city known as the ___ |
| Ethiopia | a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa, known for its rich history and cultural heritage, including its ancient kingdom of Aksum. Christianity had spread from its origins along the eat coast of the Mediterranean sea south into Egypt and beyond |
| Indian ocean slave trade | involved the capture and transportation of predominately black African slaves along the coasts, such as the Swahili Coast and the Horn of Africa, and through the Indian Ocean.Strong demand in the middle east for enslaved workers. |
| G | |
| Feudalism | Decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty during the middle ages. System of mutual obligations |
| Estates General | a body to advise the king that included representatives from each of the 3 legal classes, or estates in France: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. had little power |
| estates | the clergy, nobility, and commoners in france |
| English Parliament | |
| The hundred years war | series of conflicts fought between England and France from 1337-1453, primarily over claims to the French throne. marked significant developments in military technology,national identity and the political landscape of Europe during a time of transition. |
| Orgins of Russia-Kievan Rus | city state at the center of trade in furs, fish, and grain. Connected people from Scandinavia to the mediterranean to central Asia. Mongols overtook this region |
| Christian Monasticism | a religious practice whose members devote their lives to their religion. Members, referred to as monks, commit their lives to spiritual work and living by strict rules, such as celibacy or isolation. |
| Primogeniture | the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son. |
| Crusades | a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages. They were initiated by the Catholic Church with the goal of reclaiming Jerusalem and other holy sites from Muslim control. |
| Antisemitism | christians thoughts of Jews as outsiders and untrustworthy. Jews were expelled from England, France, Spain, and Portugal, as well as various independent kingdoms and cities. |
| Manorial system | large fiefs or estates (manors) provided economic self sufficiency and defense. manor produced everything that people needed, limiting need for trade and contact |
| serfs | not enslaves, were tied to the land. could not travel without permission from their lords. in exchange for protection provided by the Lord of the manor, they paid tribute in the form of crops labor or coins. |
| agricultural Revolution | facilitated by innovations such as the moldboard plow, horse collars, windmills, and the three-field-system =increase in food=increase in population=increase in job specialization=regrowth of artisans and merchants and trade |
| three-field system | crops were roasted through 3 fields. One field planted with wheat or rye. Second field planted with legumes such as peas, lentils, beans, made soil more fertile by adding nitrogen to it. Third field was remained unused each year. |
| Marco Polo | Italian native from Venice visited court of Kublai Khan in modern day bejing (DaDu) His captivating descriptions of the customs of people he met intrigued Europeans. |
| Bourgeoisie/burghers | included shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small landholders. This class began to grow. |
| Little Ice Age | five-century cooling of the climate. Lower temperatures reduced agricultural productivity, people has less to trade and cities grew slowly. Increase in disease, unemployment, and crime rate. Created social unrest and people blamed Jews and other groups |
| Renaissance | Period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, culture, and civic virtue. |
| humanism | focus on individuals rather than God. |
Created by:
SierraUniverseGilmore