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mcat biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| vasopressin (ADH) | released from posterior pituitary when dehydrated; increases aquaporins in collecting duct so water can be reabsorbed from urine back to blood |
| prion | infectious protein that lack genetic material |
| virion | virus particle; contains genetic material |
| capsid | protein coat that protects genetic material in virus |
| protease/proteasome | break down proteins+peptides |
| endosome | membrane bound vacuole that's formed when cell membrane folds inward to surrounds engulfed material, then pinches off vesicle; |
| secretory protein | made in ER then put into secretory vesicles, which go to golgi body |
| lysosome | vacuole w/ hydrolytic enzymes that surrounds engulfed material to recycle; abundant in phagocytes (white blood cell) |
| methionine | start codon for translation (AUG) |
| mesoderm (middle) | muscle, skeletal system, reproductive system, dermis, circulatory stem, kidneys, intestines, adrenal cortex |
| endoderm (innermost) | bladder, liver, pancreas, thyroid/parathyroid glands, thymus, respiratory tract, GI system |
| ectoderm (outermost) | epidermis, nervous system, sense organs, teeth, salivary/sweat glands, hair/nails, adrenal medulla |
| myosin | motor protein that binds to actin; walks along microfilaments |
| centrosome | organize the microtubules that separate chromosomes during division |
| kinetochores | attach at the centromere of chromosomes; attach to microtubules to separate chromosomes (prometaphase) |
| microfilaments (actin filaments) | made of actin; part of cytoskeleton; help cell make contractions/force movements (cytokinesis) |
| antigen presenting cells | b-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells |
| SEVE(N)UP | seminiferous tubes -> epididymis -> vans deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> next outside -> urethra -> penis |
| seminiferious tubes | in testes, where spermatogenesis occurs |
| epididymis | sperm matures and becomes motile; sperm stored here |
| vans deferens | carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts |
| seminal vesicle | produce seminal fluid (majority of semen is this fluid) |
| calcitonin | made in thyroid in response to high blood calcium; ↑ Ca2+ in bone, ↓ Ca2+ in blood (bone formation) |
| bone resorption | breakdown of bone releasing Ca2+ into blood |
| PTH | activates vitamin D in kidneys; then↓ Ca2+ in bone, ↑ Ca2+ in blood (bone breakdown); |
| left atrium | receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins; left ventricle pumps this blood to body via systemic veins |
| right atrium | receives deoxygenated blood; right ventricle pumps this blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries |
| aldosterone | mineralocorticoid; made in adrenal cortex; ↓ K+; increases Na+ reabsorption in DCT + collecting duct = increase in water reabsorption; causes ↑ in BP |
| genetic drift | fluctuation of allele frequencies due to random chance; allele frequencies in small populations more susceptible to being lost; decreases genetic diversity |
| dna methylation | (epigenetic); usually decreases gene expression by inhibiting binding of transcription factors or recruiting gene repression proteins |
| histone acetylation | (epigenetic); increases gene expression by loosening chromatin structure so transcription factors can bind to DNA; neutralizes positive charge of lysine |
| bulbourethral glands | secrete thick alkaline mucus to protect sperm from acidity of leftover urine in urethra |
| gene flow | changes in allele frequency due to inbound migration; increases genetic diversity |
| random mating | increases genetic diversity b/c variations during meiosis |
| systole | ventricle contracts+ blood forced into arteries = increased pressure on arterial walls |
| diastole | heart relaxes + fills w/ blood = decreased pressure on arterial walls |
| cardiac output | heart rate x stroke volume; or MAP/vascular resistance |
| uterus | made of smooth muscle; inner lining = endometrium; outer lining = myometrium |
| fallopian tube | location of fertilization |
| irreversible inhibitors | bind enzymes covalently; become more potent with preincubation |
| reversible inhibitors | bind enzymes noncovalently; enzyme can resume function after it leaves |
| receptor tyrosine kinase | when ligands bind, they dimerize; each RTK dimer phosphorylates tyrosine residues on the next dimer |
| chemoreceptors | in brani + carotid arteries; monitors PCO2 in blood; relays info to respiratory center in nervous system to regulate breathing |
| prokaryotic cells | 1 origin of replication; haploid, circular DNA, cellular respiration in cytoplasm; no mitochondria |
| eukaryotic cells | many origins of replication; diploid; cellular respiration in cytoplasm + mitochondria |
| endocrine | secretes stuff into blood |
| exocrine | secretes stuff onto endothelial surfaces (skin, ducts) |
| leptin | satiating hormone; released from adipocytes |
| red blood cells | produced from stem cells in bone marrow; lack mitochondria + nucleus |
| template DNA strand | noncoding/antisense; mRNA is complementary to it |
| erythropoietin | hormone secreted by kidneys to stimulate RBC production |
| leukocyte | ALL WBCs; formed in bone marrow |
| nodes of ranvier | increase rate of neural impulse transmission; have voltage gated sodium channels |
| nonsense mutation | causes premature stop codon |
| missense mutation | causes change in amino acid |
| frameshift mutation | insert or deletion of one or more nucleotides; changes reading frame |
| silent mutation | has no effect on AA sequence |
| steroid hormones | hydrophobic; bound to transport proteins |
| peptide hormones | hydrophilic; unbound to proteins |
| hyperthyroidism | causes more Ca2+ in blood and bone resorption (by increasing osteoclast activity) |
| type 1 muscle fiber (slow twitch) | oxidative; slow; small size; many mitochondria + capillaries; slow contractions; dark red; long distance exercises, high myoglobin |
| type 2a muscle fiber (fast twitch) | oxidative-glycolytic; fast; medium size; many mitochondria + capillaries; fast contractions; red; long term anaerobic exercise |
| type 2b muscle fiber (fast twitch) | glycloytic; fast; large size; few mitochondria + capillaries; very fast contractions; white; short term anaerobic exercise, low myoglobin |
| cell membrane | made of mostly phospholipids and proteins |
| platelets | cell fragments; don't have nucleus; derived from bone marrow |
| serotonin | derived from tryptophan |
| somatic dna | make up every cell in the body other than reproductive ones; can't be inherited; mutations can develop after birth (most cancers) |
| germ dna | make up sperm/egg; present from conception/inherited |
| transformation | bacteria uptake DNA from their environment |
| transduction | bacteriophage injects DNA into bacteria |
| conjugation | F+ plasmid donates DNA via direct contact to F- recipient |
| S phase | dna replication |
| G1 | cellular contents (besides chromosomes) are duplicated; DNA polymerase made in preparation for DNA replication |
| G2 | checks for errors and does repairs + more growth |
| G0 | cell cycle inactive |
| oogenesis | oogonium -> primary oocyte -> secondary oocyte (frozen in metaphase 2 until fertilization) -> ovum; cytoplasm distributed unequally; 1 ovum + 3 polar bodies |
| brain stem | regulates heart and lung activity |
| blood pressure | cardiac output*MAP |
| sperm | middle portion has lots of mitochondria to make ATP for motility |
| albumin | exerts oncotic pressure; pulls fluid from tissues back into blood vessels to prevent edema; binds + transports fatty acids |
| cyclin | regulate cell cycle; ↑ during interphase; ↓ during mitosis |
| small intestine | 1st = jejunum, 2nd = duodenum; 3rd = ileum |
| incomplete dominance | phenotype is combo of both alleles (tall+short = medium) |
| codominance | both phenotypes expressed seperately (black feathers + white feathers = black feathers and white feathers) |
| prostaglandins | lipids that produce inflammatory response after binding to cellular receptors |
| helper T cell | CD4+; binds MHC 2 complex; activates cytotoxic T cells + increases B cell proliferation; releases cytokines to enhance macrophage activity |
| cytotoxic T cell | CD8+; binds MHC 1 complex + kill infected cells (adaptive immunity) |
| memory T cell | respond more rapidly to infection bc they have already encountered pathogen before |
| B cells | humoral response; mature into plasma cells + produce antibodies |
| canaliculi | small canals; osteocytes release signaling molecules that travel thru them to reach target cells |
| ryanodine receptor | on surface of sarcoplasmic reticulum; lets Ca2+ out into cytosol |
| SERCA | uptakes the cytosolic Ca2+ back into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| nondisjunction | during anaphase 1 (homologous chromosomes); anaphase 2 (sister chromatids) fail to separate |
| leukocytes made in | bone marrow |
| keratin | protein that protects skin against injury; creates waterproofing effect on skin to prevent pathogens coming in |
| cDNA | synthetic strand of DNA that is made from mRNA via reverse transcriptase |
| bacteria removal | bacteria removed from lymph in lymph nodes; removed from blood in spleen |
| secretin | triggers pancreas to release bicarbonate rich fluid that neutralizes the chyme entering small intestine |
| facilitated diffusion | passive transport that uses membrane proteins to help molecules into cell |
| primary active transport | uses ATP to move cells against conc. gradient |
| secondary active transport | uses energy from ion going down its conc. gradient to move another ion against its conc. gradient |
| Na/K ATPase pump | 3 Na out of cell -> 2 K into cell |
| collagen | makes up ECM; provides support to cells; made in rough ER |
| rough ER | has ribosomes + makes proteins |
| smooth ER | makes lipids + stores calcium |
| hypertonic soln | cell shrivels |
| hypotonic soln | cell swells |
| dehydration | causes increase in blood viscosity = increase in resistance |
| thin descending LoH | only reabsorbs water; increases osmolality of filtrate |
| thin ascending LoH | permeable to solutes but not water; decreases osmolality of filtrate |
| thick ascending LoH | impermeable to water but actively transports solutes; decreases osmolality of filtrate |
| dynein | transports things toward center of cell |
| kinesin | transports things away from center of cell |
| N-glycosidase | cleaves N-glycosidic bond between amino acid Nitrogen + sugar |
| O-glycosidase | cleaves O-glycosidic bond between AA oxygen + a sugar |
| golgi apparatus | cis side (1st) faces nucleus; receives new proteins from ER trans side (2nd) faces membrane; ships proteins to their destination |
| apoptosis | mitochondria releases cytochrome c which activates caspases to degrade cells |
| adrenal cortex | ACTH stimulates the release of cortisol and androgens; regulated by negative feedback |
| hemizygous | only having 1 copy of a gene; (x-linked genes in males) |
| cortisol | glucocorticoid; stress hormone; releases stored glucose |
| exocytosis | fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane to release stuff |
| endocytosis | signal cascade causes formation of endocytic vesicles |
| isopeptide bond | between 2 side chains or 1 side and 1 main chain (epsilon amine group in lysine) |
| carboxylase | forms new carbon-carbon bonds |
| log phase | exponential growth via rapid cell division; requires ATP |
| lag phase | bacteria adjusting to new environment, no cell growth; doesn't require ATP |
| facultative anaerobe | switches between anaerobe + aerobe (a little at top of tube, the rest spread out) |
| aerotolerant anaerobe | grow in the absence of oxygen, but can tolerate oxygen (spread thru tube) |
| bacilli | short rod bacteria |
| cocci | sphere |
| spirilla | spiral |
| incomplete penetrance | some ppl w/ mutation get the disease, while others don't |
| microtubules | made of tubulin; part of cytoskeleton; form spindle apparatus to separate duplicated chromosomes to opp. sides of cell during anaphase; act as "highways" for motor proteins to transport stuff |
| tight junctions | act as seal between epithelial cells; prevent passage of most molecules/fluids |
| desmosomes | provides adhesion between epithelial cells to withstand mechanical stress (provides structural support) |
| gap junctions | create channels between adjacent cells; allow for direct chemical/electrical communication between cells' cytoplasms |
| hemidesmosomes | anchor epithelial cells to basement membrane (separates epithelium from connective tissue) |
| nuclear receptor | intracellular receptors; ligands = lipids; regulate gene expression after ligands binds |
| globular protein | spherical + water soluble; hydrophobic AAs buried, hydrophilic AAs on outside |
| peroxisome | break down fatty acids and neutralize hydrogen peroxide via oxidative enzymes |
| anaplerosis | replenishing TCA intermediates |
| eukaryotic ribosome | 80S -> made of 40S (small) and 60S (large) |
| prokaryotic ribosome | 70S -> made of 30S (small) and 50S (large) |
| phagocytic cells | neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells |
| gray matter | mostly neuron bodies (somas) |
| white matter | mostly myelinated axons |
| lymphatic system | returns fluids from extracellular space to capillaries, carries white blood cells, absorbs fats |
| oligosaccharides | sugar chains on cell surface that recognize other cells |
| refractory period | action potential can't fire again; prevents merging of multiple APs |
| adaptive radiation | a single species rapidly diversifies into many new species |
| progesterone | prepares endometrium for shedding (periods); anterior pituitary releases LH = release of progesterone from ovaries |
| ovum | mature female gamete that has completed meiosis; haploid # of chromosomes |
| spermatozoa | mature male gamete; haploid # of chromosomes |
| red bone marrow | makes erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
| yellow bone marrow | stores fat + makes cartilage/bone from stem cells |
| ionophore | compound that binds to ions to move them across plasma membrane |
| interneuron | in CNS and is neither afferent or efferent; connects sensory neuron-> motor neuron |
| enhancer sequence | binds transcription factors to increase expression of a gene |
| parietal cells | in stomach lining, make hydrochloric acid |
| sense strand | coding strand, mRNA has same sequence but w/ uracils |
| cDNA | transcribed from mature mRNA; doesn't have introns |
| stratum corneum | most superficial layer of epidermis; flattened keratinocytes prevent water loss and pathogen invasion |
| natural killer cell | destroy our cells that have been infected w/ virus or cancer (innate immunity) |
| intermediate filaments | part of cytoskeleton; allow cell to withstand mechanical stress; anchor cells to other cells |
| endothelium | makes up inner lining of veins/arteries; surrounded by smooth muscle |
| proximal tubule | reabsorbs bicarbonate, dumps the HUNK into filtrate |
| distal tubule | reabsorb salt, water, and bicarbonates; H+ and K+ secreted |
| types of connective tissue | bone tissue, blood tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, tendons/ligaments |
| cardiac muscle cells | branched fibers, striated, 1 nuclei, gap junctions |
| skeletal muscle cells | bunched fibers, striated, multinucleated, no gap junctions |
| smooth muscle cells | bunched cells, nonstriated, 1 nuclei, gap junctions |
| nucleolus | contains ribosomal DNA |
| heterochromatin | tightly packed repetitive DNA; doesn't have coding genes; makes up centromeres + telomeres |
| euchromatin | loosely packed single-copy DNA; transcriptionally active |
| fertilization | sperm binds zona pellucida -> acrosome rxn digests zona -> cortical rxn prevents polyspermy -> sperm cell fuses w/ egg's membrane so sperm DNA can enter egg |
| chargaff's rule | sum of purines = sum of prymidines |
| spermatogenesis | spermatogonium -> spermatocyte -> spermatid -> spermatazoon |
| blastulation | cavity forms within morula; embryo now called blastocyst |
| embryogenesis | fertilization -> cleavage -> blastulation -> implantation -> gastrulation -> neurulation |
| cleavage | rapid cell division to produce morula |
| gastrulation | formation of germ layers |
| neurulation | |
| implantation | blastocyst implants into uterus |
| chondrocytes | make cartilage; active at growth plates in growing bone |
| long bone | arm + leg bones; dense compact bone on outside, less dense spongy bone on in the middle |
| flat bone | skull/ribs/pelvis; dense compact bone on outside, less dense spongy bone on in the middle; hematopoiesis in bone marrow occurs here |
| Na+ equilibrium potential | 60mV; ions flux into cell |
| K+ equilibrium potential | -90mV; ions flux out of cell |
| Cl- equilibrium potential | -65mV; ions flux into cell |
| peptide hormones (-in ending) | FLATPEG, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, calcitonin, PTH, ADH, oxytocin, leptin |
| steroid hormones (-one ending) | testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, calcitriol |
| amino acid hormones | T3+T4; epinephrine; norepinephrine, dopamine (derived from tyrosine); melatonin + serotonin (derived from tryptophan) |
| cortisol pathway | hypothalamus CRH -> anterior pituitary ACTH -> adrenal cortex makes cortisol (neg. feedback loop) |
| salivary amylase | breaks starch into sugars |
| pepsin | in stomach; cleaves peptide bonds in proteins |
| small intestine digestive enzymes | trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase, peptidases, sucrase, lactase, maltase |
| oxyhemoglobin curve right shift | ↑CO2, ↑2,3BPG, ↑ acidity, ↑ temp |
| oxyhemoglobin curve left shift | ↓CO2, ↓2,3BPG, ↓ acidity, ↓ temp |
| obligate anaerobe | dies w/ oxygen (clumped at bottom of tube) |
| obligate aerobe | needs oxygen (clumped at top of tube) |
| volkmann canals | run perpendicular to bone; connect haversian canals to one another; carry blood vessels towards bone |
| haversian canals | run parallel to bone; contain blood vessels + nerves |
| lacunae | small space that has osteocytes |
| eccrine sweat glands | innervated by sympathetic nervous system |
| afferent neurons | sensory neurons that carry signal to CNS |
| efferent neurons | motor neurons that carry signal from CNS to muscle |
| MHC 2 | present exogenous antigens |
| MHC 1 | present intracellular antigens; all nucleated cells have them |
| EKG waves | P = atrial depolarization (contraction) QRS = ventricular depolarization (contraction) T = ventricular polarization (filling up) U = purkinje fibers repolarization |
| sinoatrial (SA) node | natural pacemaker that sets rhythm for heart; located in right atrium; |
| oxytocin pathway | released by posterior pituitary during contractions (pos. feedback loop) |
| estrogen pathway | hypothalamus GnRH -> anterior pituitary FSH + LH -> ovarian follicles secrete estrogen; to start ovulation, ↑FSH +↑LH = more estrogen made (pos. feedback on hypothalamus) |
| prolactin pathway | makes milk (pos. feedback loop) |
| adipocyte | fat cell; slow turnover rate |
| chondrocyte | makes up cartilage; slow turnover rate |
| hematopoietic tissue | fast turnover rate b/c needs to make new blood cells |
| capillary structure | flat epithelial cells in 1 layer |
| vein structure | epithelial layer -> smooth muscle -> connective tissue (collagen fibers) |
| artery structure | epithelial layer -> smooth muscle -> elastin fibers -> connective tissue (collagen fibers); thickest walls |
| divergent evolution | related species develop diff. traits due to diff. environmental pressures |
| parallel evolution | related species develop same traits in similar environment, despite being isolated from one another |
| convergent evolution | unrelated species develop same traits due to same environmental pressures |
| thyroid hormones | T3 + T4; although they are amine hormones, they act like steroid hormones b/c of their large rings |
| dopamine | released by hypothalamus; inhibits prolactin secretion |
| inhibin | made by sertoli cells in males = inhibits FSH made by ovaries in females = inhibits FSH |
| esophagus structure | only part of digestive system that's made of smooth + striated muscle |
| actin-myosin cycle | 1. Ca2+ binds troponin + pulls tropomyosin away so actin active site exposed 2. myosin binds actin 3. ADP released from myosin when myosin contracts (power stroke) 4. an ATP causes myosin head to detach from actin 5.ATP hydrolyzed to ADP, which makes |
| phagocytic WBCs | have phagosome vacuole that fuses w/ lysosome to degrade bacteria( macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, monocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, and granulocytes) |
| genetic leakage | transfer of genetic material between diff. species; occurs when hybrid individual mates w/ parent + produce viable offspring |
| follicular phase | ↑FSH + ↑LH causes follicles to mature; ovaries ↑ estrogen release |
| ovulation phase | estrogen acts as pos. feedback loop + LH peaks = oocyte released from follicle |
| luteal phase | corpus luteum makes progesterone to thicken endometrium; if no fertilization, progesterone + estrogen decrease |
| menstruation phase | endometrium sheds |
| oncogene | mutated genes that cause cancer |
| intrapleural pressure | in pleural cavity (space between lung + chest wall); is always more neg. than atmospheric pressure |
| inspiration | intrapleural pressure gets more neg. |
| centriole | inside centrosome; microtubules radiate out from here |
| dna polymerase | synthesizes from 5' to 3' end; hydroxyl group on 3' attacks the new phosphate |
| wobble hypothesis | multiple codons can code for the same AA due to nontraditional base pairing at 3rd position of codon |
| blood osmotic pressure | P = iMRT; pulls fluid INTO capillaries from tissues |
| hydrostatic capillary pressure | pressure blood exerts on wall pushes fluid out of capillaries into interstitial space |
| parietal cells | regulated by gastrin; secrete HCl |
| G cells | in stomach; secrete gastrin to regulate HCl secretion |
| chief cells | in stomach lining; make pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin) |
| goblet cells | epithelial cells that secrete mucus; in airways, eyes, + intestines |
| prokaryotic transcription | in cyptoplasm; no RNA processing (splicing); |
| operon | contains promoter, operator (where repressor binds), + structural genes controlled by single promoter; usually in prokaryotes |
| adrenal medulla | makes epinephrine + norepinephrine; part of sympathetic system; located in adrenal gland |
| adrenal gland | on top of kidney; inside = medulla, outside = cortex |
| atrial natriuretic peptide | peptide hormone that lowers blood volume (bp) by ↑Na+ and H20 excretion |
| imprinted gene | genes that are expressed/or not based on which parent it came from (if gene is off in mom, it will be off for child |
| morula | solid ball of cells that transforms into blastocyst after 4-5 days |
| microglia | innate immune cells in CNS that protect neurons |
| positive sense viral rna | can be directly translated to protein in host cell |
| negative sense viral rna | must be transcribed to pos. sense rna before translation |
| cdk1 | when bound to cyclin, allows G2 -> M transition |
| cdk2 | when bound to cyclin, allows G1 -> S transition |
| somatic reflex | involving skeletal muscle; involuntary (withdrawing finger from hot surface) |
| autonomic reflex | involving smooth muscle/glands; involuntary (pupils dilating to light); require autonomic neuron |
| hyaline cartilage | not innervated; avascular; template for endochondral ossification |
| sympathetic neurotransmitters | preganglionic = ACh postganglionic = norepinephrine |
| parasympathetic neurotransmitters | preganglionic = ACh postganglionic = ACh |
| antibody binding | antibodies bind their epitopes via noncovalent interactions (H bonding or electrostatic attractions) |
| molecular clock model | accumulation of mutations linearly increases over time |
| substituting nucleotide in position 1 | often alters protein structure |
| substituting nucleotide in position 2 | always alters protein structure |
| substituting nucleotide in position 3 | rarely alters protein structure |
| tRNA stops translation at | the last codon BEFORE the stop codon |
| basophils | release histamine to trigger immune response |
| mast cells | release histamine to trigger allergic reactions |
| multipotent | differentiate into specialized cell types within a tissue/organ (limited) |
| pluripotent | can differentiate into cells of multiple body tissues + any of the 3 germ layers; can't give rise to placenta |
| totipotent | greatest potency; can give rise to entire organism |
| pulmonary surfactant | amphipathic molecules that reduce surface tension in alveoli so they can remain inflated during respiration |
| kinase | transfers phosphate from ATP to another molecule |
| phosphatase | remove phosphate group from molecule |
| phopshorylase | adds phosphate from inorganic phosphate, to a molecule |
| hyperventilation | removes CO2 from blood, increases pH, increased Hb affinity to O2 |
| passive immunity | transfer of ready made antibodies from one person to another (mother to fetus via placenta) |
| allosteric modulators | bind noncovalently + are reversible |
| spleen function | filters old/damaged RBCs; stores blood; houses macrophages that destroy bacteria + foreign particles |
| lytic phage | injects genome into host, then host is degraded; host cell lyses to release viral progeny |
| lysogenic phage | injects genome into host; integrates genome into host DNA; host then replicates with viral DNA |
| filament of flagella | propels the bacteria |
| basal body of flagella | acts as motor + creates torque |
| hook of flagella | connects basal body + filament; transmits the torque |
| plasma proteins | made + secreted by liver |
| ECM proteins | collagen, fibronectin, elastin |
| commensalism | one species benefits, and the other is not harmed or helped |
| tetanic contraction | sustained muscle contraction |
| testosterone | after production, circulates thru plasma while bound to plasma protein |
| 5' - UTR | untranslated region; precedes the AUG codon and doesn't get translated into protein |
| meissner's corpuscles | nerve ending that is a mechanoreceptor that senses light touch; most concentrated in thick hairless skin (fingertips); respond best to changing stimuli (clothes moving against skin) |
| antioxidants | vitamins A, C, E |
| A band | region encompassing thick filament (myosin) + includes where thick and thin filaments overlap; doesn't change length during contraction |
| I band | encompasses ONLY thin filament (actin); shortens during contraction |
| h zone | encompasses ONLY thick filament; shortens during contraction |
| M line | middle of sarcomere |
| Z line | dense protein structure at end of sarcomere where actin filament is anchored; pulled closer during contraction |
| eukaryotic cilia and flagella made of | microtubules |
| sertoli cells | nourishes developing sperm cells during spermatogenesis |
| leydig cells | located in between seminiferous tubules; stimulated by LH to make testosterone |
| catecholamines | epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine |
| granulosa cells | somatic cells in ovary that provide oocyte w/ nutrients + growth |
| palindromic dna sequence | the same dna sequence when read 5'-3' on one strand, and 5'-3' on the complementary strand. (5' CATATG 3' ---- 5' CATATG 3') -restriction enzymes cut here |
| synaptonemal complex | structure that forms between homologous chromosomes to facilitate crossing over during meiosis |
| facultative anaerobe | can grow w/ or w/o oxygen, but grow better in oxygen; some growth concentrated at top of tube, but the rest is spread out |
| obligate anaerobe | don't grown in present of oxygen; growth only at bottom of tube |
| aerotolerant anaerobe | don't use oxygen for growth, but can tolerate it; evenly spread out thru tube |
| obligate aerobe | require oxygen; growth only at top of tube where O2 is |
| GLUT4 | requires insulin; located in adipose + muscle tissue |
| GLUT2 | insulin independent; located in liver + beta cells, and is low affinity |
| schwann cells | myelination in PNS |
| oligodendrocytes | myelination in CNS |
| temporal summation | single presynaptic neuron generates action potential; repeated addition of the stimuli |
| spatial summation | multiple presynaptic neurons generate action potential; more efficient |
| organogenesis | zygote -> morula -> blastocyst -> gastrula -> 3 germ layers |
| dna supercoiling | twisting of dna to make it more compact so it can fit within nucleus; regulates access to dna; most dna is negatively coiled |
| clathrin protein | makes vesicles off of cell membrane for endocytosis |
| hybrid breakdown | F1 is viable/fertile, but F2 is inviable/sterile |
| pyloric sphincter | valve that food passes thru from lower stomach to duodenum |
| nicotinic receptors | found in synapses between pre/post ganglionic synapses + are excitatory (sympathetic +parasympathetic) |
| muscarinic receptors | found on target organs + are inhibitory/excitatory (parasympathetic) |
| purkinje fibers | synchronizes contraction of ventricles by propagating impulse from AV node to ventricles |
Created by:
reynangu