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Unit 1C:Reproduction
Unit 1C: Sexual Reproduction
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| embryo | early stage of development after fertilization |
| cervix | structure in the female reproductive system at base of the uterus; opens (dilates) during labor/birth |
| crossing over | process that happens during meiosis (creation of sperm/egg); homologous chromosomes swap/exchange genes. Increases genetic variation (think: how you are different from your bio siblings) |
| diploid/2n | cell has ALL the DNA/genetic info that it needs to develop; ALL body cells are diploid/2n with the FULL set of DNA/chromosomes |
| egg | female sex cell/gamete; produced in ovary; women are born with all the eggs they will ever have; product of the process of meiosis; has half the genetic information (haploid/n) that is needed for development |
| estrogen | hormone produced in females by ovaries; helps regulate the menstrual cycle |
| fallopian tube | structure in female reproductive system that carries egg from ovary to uterus; site of fertilization. |
| fertilization | process of sperm cell entering egg cell; occurs in fallopian tube; produces a zygote. |
| fetus | unborn organism developing in uterus between embryo and birth |
| gamete | sex cell (sperm in males, egg in females); haploid cell, n, half the DNA needed for development (one set of chromosomes) |
| FSH | hormone in the female reproductive system |
| gland | organ that secretes/produces hormones (part of the Endocrine system) |
| haploid/n | cell that contains 1 set of chromosomes. Gametes/sex cells are haploid. Examples are sperm and egg. |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that pair up based on shape/size (one from mom pairs up with one from dad) |
| hormone | chemical message that causes either short-term or long-term changes to specific tissues. Produced/secreted by glands. |
| karyotype | diagram that shows the homologous pairs of an organism's chromosomes by pair number (Humans should have 23 pairs for 46 total chromosomes). |
| meiosis | process that creates gametes/sex cells/sperm and egg. Occurs in the testes/ovaries. Starts with one body cell and ends with 4 unique daughter cells (sperm or eggs). |
| nondisjunction | error in cell division during meiosis. Chromosomes fail to split equally during meiosis. |
| ovary | gland in the female reproductive system that produces eggs and estrogen. Stores eggs in follicles. |
| ovulation | Process of the egg being released from the ovary. Happens about half-way through the menstrual cycle. Highest chance of becoming pregnant. |
| penis | structure in the male reproductive system that allows for internal fertilization. |
| placenta | temporary organ that develops from the embryo. Lets O2 and nutrients diffuse from mom's blood to baby's blood. Waste diffused out of baby's blood and into mom's blood. |
| recombination of genes | crossing over of genes during meiosis creates new combinations of genes in the gametes (sperm and egg). Increases genetic variation in a population. (The reason that siblings or puppies from the same litter are different from each other. |
| sexual reproduction | Requires the union of gametes (haploid) to form a diploid (body) cell. In humans, the union of a sperm and egg. |
| sperm | male gamete/sex cell. Produces in the testes. Travels through the vas deferens to be released through the penis. Has half the genetic information (haploid/n) needed for development. |
| target cell | cell that has specific receptors for specific hormones |
| testes | glands in the male reproductive system that produce sperm and testosterone |
| testosterone | male reproductive hormone |
| umbilical cord | transports waste and nutrients between the placenta and the baby. |
| urethra | tube through which urine exits the body in both the male and female systems, and also how the semen exits in the male. |
| uterus | structure in the female reproductive system where the embryo implants. Holds the fetus during pregnancy. |
| vagina | structure in the female reproductive system that allows for internal fertilization and also the delivery of the baby. |
| variation | differences |
| vas deferens | Tubes in the male reproductive system that are used to transport sperm from testes to urethra. |
| zygote | body cell formed by the union of sperm and egg (fertilization) |
| cell receptor | specifically shaped part of a target cell |
| clone | exact genetic copy of an organism |
| feedback loop | process in the body that repeats itself as needed to regulate the body and maintain homeostasis |
| follicle | space in the ovaries that hold and protect the immature eggs |
| menstrual cycle | continuous, hormone-controlled process in mature females that regulates the release of eggs and prepares body for pregnancy |
| menstruation | shedding/release of unfertilized egg and extra uterine lining at the end of the menstrual cycle. |
| pregnancy | when a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus |
| progesterone | hormone released by the corpus luteum; tells uterus to keep the uterine lining thick to prepare for baby |
| secrete | produce/release |
| surrogate | organism (person or animal) that carries and births an embryo that came from other organisms. |
| sex cell | gamete - sperm or egg; has half the genetic information needed (n/haploid) for an organism to develop |
| biotechnology | humans manipulate cells and/or DNA to create products meant to help people, other organisms, or the environment |
| bioethics | controversial issues arising from biological investigations (right vs. wrong) |
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