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ENG 411B Final
GG, CG, MG, trees
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Quiz: Characteristics of modern linguistics | o Focuses on the nature of the language o It is a descriptive approach o It is scientifically orientated |
| Empirical | o Way of studying grammar based on observable data and evidence from actual language use, rather than replying solely on theoretical constructs or prescriptivist rules o Heavy on data collected through data and analysis |
| Descriptive | o The study of a language grammatical structures based on how it is used by native speakers |
| Historical Linguistics | - The study of the evolution of languages over time - Not studied for usage, but for language itself |
| Ferdinand Saussure (1857-1913) | - Is a key figure in the development of modern linguistics - Trained in historical linguistics - Believed that all varieties of languages should be studied, not just the ones with prestige |
| Key Ideas of Modern Linguistics | o Language is a self contained system o Linguistic system versus language usage o ALSO, important idea is the notion of “sign” as a linguistic unit o Sign is arbitrary |
| Langue vs Parole | o The system of language (system) is distinguished from the use (parole) of language |
| Parole | Use - the concrete use of the system |
| Langauge | System - the abstract system of rules that govern language |
| Sign | - The association between a form and a meaning o The linguistic sign is a critical component of the linguistic system |
| Signifier (form) | a set of sounds (letters) |
| Signified (meaning) | concept / idea |
| Quiz: Which of the following is true of structuralism in linguistics? | o It focused on the structure of language rather than its use |
| Quiz: What is the difference between the traditional approach to grammar (i.e., the way the Greeks, Romans, etc. looked at grammar) and approach of modern linguistics? | o The modern linguistic approach is descriptive, whereas many other approaches are prescriptive |
| Quiz: Construction grammar fits into what category of linguistic framework? | o Cognitive linguistics |
| Quiz: Construction grammar truths: | o It represents a pairing of a form with a meaning/function o Its like Saussure’s notion of the sign |
| Quiz: What is the difference between how a dictionary describes a word's meaning and how a meaning of a word is describe in Construction Grammar? | o A meaning in construction grammar is meant to be more general and more streamlined |
| Quiz: What is the main challenged of CG | o Grammatical patterns since both a form and a meaning has to be associated with grammatical patterns |
| Quiz: Key Assumptions of CG | o All utterances are made up of constructions o Constructions consist of a form paired with a meaning |
| Idioms | o Idioms can be unpredictable in different ways (with regard to meaning and/or form) |
| Why study idioms ? | o Important part of what it means to know a language o They are everywhere in language o While some can be straightforward, others are complicated |
| Constructions | are formed by a pair and a meaning |
| What do form and meaning do? | o Form/meaning makes up a word |
| Capital L | Structure of language is innate, “hard wired”, present at birth - Variation can exist but overall structure is the same across all languages - Intuitions: native speaker judgments about grammatically as data |
| Lower case l | Specific manifestations of language o People have to be exposed to a specific language in order to learn and use the language |
| Generative | belief that language is like a computer program o Set of procedures that are capable or generating all and only the possible sentences in a language The goal of generative grammar is to come up with the procedures |
| What does Autonomy of Syntax refer to? | o Syntax deals with organization of phrases and sentences o Distinct from meaning and sound |
| Quiz: Characteristics of Generative Grammar | o The notion of Universal Grammar is an important assumption of the theory o It is associated with the work of Noam Chomsky |
| Quiz: Goal of Generative Grammar | o To come up with a set of procedures that generate all and only the sentences in a language |
| Who is Noam Chomsky | |
| What are syntactic categories (parts of speech) | - Syntactic categories are classes of words based on their separate properties |
| Recursion: | o The REPEATED use of grammatical structure or linguistic element within a sentence - a phrase within a phrase x 10 |
| Hierarchy: | o Ability to put phrases within phrases because of the structured organization of language |
| Constituency | o A group of words that function together as a unit |
| - Quiz: Language family | o A group of languages hypothesized to have come from the same language originally |
| - Quiz: What is an arbitrary sign? | o There is not an inherent or natural connection between the two components of sign |
| What does Linguistic Theory Offer? | - Linguistic theory offers a framework or model for describing linguistic patterns |
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