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nervous system7
nervous system chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gathering information; to monitor changes occuring inside and outside the body; changes = stimuli | sensory input |
| to process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed | integration |
| a response to integrated stimuli; the response activates muscles or glands | motor output |
| what is the system that includes the brain and spinal cord | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| what is the system that includes the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord; these would be the spinal and cranial nerves | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous sysltem | sensory (afferent) division |
| nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system | motor (efferent) division |
| motor (efferent) division is divided into two subdivisions they are? | somatic nervous system = voluntaryautonomic nervous system = involuntary |
| support cells in the CNS are grouped together as? | neurolgia |
| support cells function is to? | to support, insulate, and protect neurons |
| abundant, star-shaped cells, brace neurons, form barrier between capillaries and neurons, control the chemical enviroment of the brain | astrocytes |
| spider-like phagocytes and dispose of debris | microglia |
| line cavities of the brain and spinal cord and circulate cerebrospinal fluid | ependymal cells |
| wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system and produce myelin sheaths | oligodendrocytes |
| protect neuron cell bodies | satellite cells |
| form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system | schwann cells |
| cells specialized to transmit messages | neurons = nerve cells |
| Major regions of neurons | cell body and processes |
| nucleus and metabolic center of the cell | cell body |
| fibers that extend from the cell body | processes |
| specialized rough endoplamic reticulum | nissl substance |
| intermediate cytoskeleton and maintains cell shape | neurofibrils |
| nissl substance, neurofibrils, nucleus, and large nucleolus | cell body |
| Processes outside the cell body are? | dendrites and axons |
| conduct impulses toward the cell body | dendrites |
| conduct impulses away from the cell body | axons |
| axons end in? | axonal terminals |
| Axonal terminals contain vesicles with? | neurotransmitters |
| these are seperated from the next neuron group by a gap? | axonal terminals |
| gap between adjacent neurons | synaptic cleft |
| junction between nerves | synapse |
| whitish, fatty material covering axons | myelin sheath |
| produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll-like fashion | Schwann cells |
| gaps in myelin sheath along the axon | Nodes of Ranvier |
| most of these are found in the central nervous system? | neuron cell bodies |
| two of the neuron cell bodies are? | gray matter and nuclei |
| cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers | gray matter |
| clusters of cell bodies with in the white matter of the central nervous system | nuclei |
| collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system | ganglia |
| carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS; cutaneous sense organs; proprioceptors | sensory (afferent) neurons |
| detect stretch or tension | proprioceptors |
| carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands | motor (efferent) neurons |
| found in neural pathways in the central nervous system; connect sensory and motor neurons | interneurons (association neurons) |
| many extensions from the cell body | multipolar neurons |
| one axon and one dendrite | bipolar neuron |
| have a short single process leaving the cell body | unipolar neuron |
| ability to respond to stimuli | irritability |
| ability to transmit an impulse | conductivity |
| the plasma membrane at rest is polarized; fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell | resting neuron |
| a stimulus depolarizes the neuron's membrane; a depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane | depolarization |
| the exchange of _____ initiates an action potential in the neuron | ions |
| when nerve impulses start, it is propagated over the entire axon; impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath | action potential |
| potassium ions rush out of the neuron after the sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane; the sodium-potassium pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration | repolarization |
| the action potential is started in this? | dendrite |
| the dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the __________ | neurotransmitter |
| Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve's _______________ | axon terminal |
| rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus; occurs over pathways called reflex arcs | reflex |
| direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector | reflex arc |
| activation of skeletal muscles (ex. when you move your hand away from a hot stove) | somatic reflexes |
| smooth muscle regulation; heart and blood pressure regulation; regulation of glands; digestive system regulation | autonomic reflexes |
| this is considered a knee herk, which is an example of a two neuron reflex arc | patellar |
| cns develops from this. it becomes the brain and spinal cord. it becomes the ventricles. four chambers within the brain. filled with cerebrospinal fluid | embryonic neural tube |
| regions of the brain | cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum), diencephalon, brain stem, cerebelllum |
| paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain, includes more than half of the brain mass, the surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci) | cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) |
| these divide the cerebrum into the lobes | fissures (deep groves) |
| surface lobes of the cerebrum | frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe |
| specialized areas of the cerebrum | primary somatic sensory area, primary motor area, broca's area |
| receives impulses from the body's sensory receptors; located in the parietal lobe | primary somatic sensory area |
| sends impulses to skeletal muscles; located in the frontal lobe | primary motor area |
| involved in our ability to speak | broca's area |
| cerebral areas involved in special senses | gustatory area (taste), visual area, auditory area, olfactory area |
| interpretation areas of the cerebrum | speech/language region, language comprehension region, general interpretation region |
| layers of the cerebrum | gray matter and white matter |
| outer layer in the cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies | gray matter |
| fiber tracts deep to the gray matter | white matter |
| this connects the hemispheres | corpus callosum |
| islands of gray matter buried within the white matter | basal nuclei |
| sits on top of the brain stem; enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres; made of three parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus | diencephalon |
| surrounds the third ventricle; the relay station for sensory impulses; transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation | thalamus |
| under the thalamus; important autonomic nervous system: helps regulate body temperature: controls water balance: regulates metabolism | Hypothalamus |
| forms the roof of the third ventricle; houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland); includes the choroid plexus-forms cerebrospinal fluid | epithalamus |
| attaches to the spinal cord | brain stem |
| parts of the midbrain | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers; has two bulging fiber tracts-cerebral pednucles; has four rounded protrusions-corpora quadrigemia: reflex centers for vision and hearing | midbrain |
| the bulgin center part of the brain stem; mostly composed of fiber tracts; includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing | pons |
| merges into the spinal cord; includes impotant fiber tracts; contains important control centers: heart rate control, blood pressure regulation, breathing, swallowing, vomiting | medulla oblongata |
| difuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem; involved in motor control of visceral organs | reticular formation |
| this plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness | reticular activationg system (RAS) |
| two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces; porvides involuntary coordination of body movements; | cerebellum |
| what protects the CNS? | scalp and skin, skull and vertebral column, meninges, cerebralspinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier. |
| duramater: double-layered external covering: periosteum and meningeal layer; folds inward in several areas | meninges |
| attached to inner surface of skull | periosteum |
| outer covering of the brain | meningeal layer |
| middle layer of the meninges; web like | arachnoid layer |
| internal layer; clings to the surface of the brain | pia mater |
| similar to blood plasma composition; formed by the choroid plexus; forms a watery cushion to protect the brain; circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord | cerebralspinal fluid |
| CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain | hydrocephalus |
| includes the least permeable capillaries of the body; excludes many potential harmful substances; useless as a barrier against some substances | blood-brain barrier |
| substances that the barrier is useless against | Fats and fat soluble molecule; repiratory gases; alcohol; nicotine; anesthesia |
| slight brain injury; no permanent brain damage | concussion |
| nervous tissue destruction and does not regenerate | contusion |
| swelling from the inflammatory responses; may compress and kill brain tissue | cerebral edema |
| commonly called a stroke; the result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain; brain tissue supplied with the oxygen from that blood source dies; loss of some functions or death may result | cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) |
| progressive degenerative brain disease; mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age; structural changes in the brain include abnormalprotein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons; victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion | Alzheimer's disease |
| extends from the foramen magnum of the skill to the first or second lumbar vertebra; 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord; cauda equina is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end | spinal cord |
| what is the anatomy of the spinal cord? | internal gray matter is mostly cell bodies; dorsal(posterior)horms; anterior(ventral)horns; gray matter surrounds the central canal;central canal is filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
| conduction tracts; dorsal, lateral, ventral columns | exterior white mater |
| what covers the spinal cord | meninges |
| spinal nerves leave at the level of each_______ | vertebrae |
| associated with the dorsal root ganglia-collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system | dorsal root |
| contains axons | ventral root |
| nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system; nerve = bundle of neuron fibers; neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| endoneurium surrounds each __________ | fiber |
| Groups of fibers are bound into the____________ | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| _________are bound together by epineurium | Fascicles |
| Both sensory and motor fibers | mixed nerves |
| carry impulses toward the CNS | sensory (afferent) nerves |
| carry impulses awat from the CNS | motor (efferent) nerves |
| ________of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck | 12 pairs |
| most mixed nerves, but three are sensory only | cranial nerves |
| sensory for smell | olfactory nerve |
| sensory for sensory | optic nerve |
| motor fibers to eye muscles | oculomotor nerve |
| motor fiber to eye muscles | trochlear |
| sensory for the face; motor fibers to chewing muscles | trigeminal nerve |
| motor fibers to eye muscles | abducens nerve |
| sensry for taste; motor fibers to the face | facial nerve |
| sensory for balance and hearing | vestibulocochlear nerve |
| sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx | glossopharyngeal nerve |
| sensory and motor fibers to the pharynx, larynx, and viscera | vagus nerves |
| motor fibers to the neck and upper back | acessory nerve |
| motor fibers to the tongue | hypoglossal nerve |
| there is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of__________ | 31 pairs |
| Formed by the combination of the __________and ________ roots of the spinal cord | ventral and dorsal |
| spinal nerves form soon after the leave the __________ | spinal cord |
| serve the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk | dorsal rami |
| form a complex of networks (plexus) for the anterior | ventral rami |
| motor division of the PNS: consists ofonly of motor nerves; also known as the involuntary nervous system: regulates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands | autonomic nervous system |
| what are the two subdivisions of autonomic nervous system | sympathetic division and parasympathetic |
| one motor neuron | somatic nerves |
| preganglionic and postganglionic nerves | autonomic nerves |
| always uses acetylcholine | somatic neurotransmitters |
| smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands | autonomic neurotransmitters |
| originates between T1 through L2; ganglia are at the symphathetic trunk (near the spinal cord); short pre-ganglionic neuron and long post-ganglionic neuron transmit impulse from CNS to the effector | Sympathetic division |
| ____________and______________ are neurotransmitters to the effector organs | norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| originates from the brain stem and S1 to S4; terminal ganglia are at the effector organs; always uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter | parasympathetic division |
| sympathetic-"fight or flight"; responds to unusual stimulus; takes over to increase activities; remember as the "E" division-exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment | autonomic functioning-"E"division |
| Parasympathetic-"housekeeping" activities; conserves energy; maintains daily necessary body functions; remember as the "D" division: digestion, defecation, diuresis | autonomic functioning-"D" division |
| the nervous system is formed during the ___________of embryonic development | first month |
| any ____________infection can have extremely harmful effects | maternal |
| the _____________ is one of the last areas of the brain to develop | hypothalamus |
| No more _______are formed after birth, but growth and maturation continues for several years | neurons |
| the brain reaches ___________weight as a young adult | maximum |
Created by:
jeng31