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Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Antebellum | Before the war |
| Textiles | Relates to fabric or weaving (cotton, cloth, thread) Materials created by the Industrial Revolution Children worked the factories to sell cloth for profit→ demand increased→ grew more cotton |
| Cotton Gin/ Cotton Explosion | Cleaned 50lbs/day compared to 1 lb/day by hand: 1 year after the cotton gin, cotton exports grew by 1,000%+ Created “King” Cotton- Over half the world’s cotton came from the American south Benefitted both the north AND south |
| Compromise of 1808 | Politicians increased representation in the Upcountry– b/c of same views on slavery→ districts redrawn to support areas with more enslaved people one senator per district and 124 HOR members (still have today) |
| South Carolina's Influence on Slavery | Planters passed stricter laws→ made enslaved life even harder created a pro-slavery arguement that most southern states shared Southern thoughts: “necessary evil”, “positive good”, a “little community” |
| Resistance and Escape | worked slow, pretended to be sick, damaged tools Risk: emancipate (freedom) by escaping to the North, Canada, Mexico; Underground Railroad |
| The Denmark Vesey Plot | Possible/rumored revolt in Charleston Leader was free man Denmark Vesey Bought freedom after winning the lottery Charged with planning the largest slave uprising→ charged 70 people, unfair trail, hanged Vesey and 30 others |
| Free African Americans | By 1830: 319,000 lived in the US (very few in the South) Men: bricklayers, carpenters, wagon drivers Women: housemaids and seamstresses Some were able to afford buying land, and slaves = political and social power |
| Abolitionists | Person who favors the ending of slavery Believed the federal government needed to securing natural rights for African Americans and white Americans Mostly a northern cause- made slave holders defensive |
| Sarah and Angelina Grimke | SC Abolitionists from Charleston Angelina presented anti-slavery petitions to legislatures Moved to Philly, PA to fight for abolition after seeing slavery first hand as children |
| Nationalism/ Sectionalism | N= Pride or patriotism in one’s country, the needs of the WHOLE country above that of the states or regions S= Putting state or regional needs above the country needs |
| The War of 1812 | Against Great Britain- second war of independence Cause: France and Britain were at war and wouldn’t let the US stay neutral and trade with both Britain was bullying American tradesmen and trading weapons to the Native Americans |
| A ProtectiveTariff | tax on certain imported (buying) or exported (selling) goods Goal: finance (pay) for internal improvements Protective bc it would help American business instead of foreign SC HATED it |
| Internal Improvements | American system to help infrastructure (make America stronger and more developed) Building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads to bring the country “closer” Protective tariff $$ was being used to pay for this→ results were not very successful |
| Market Revolution | New inventions: telegraph, steam powered printing press Don’t have to rely on foreign goods Regions of the US started to specialize in specific goods (North: factory, South: cotton cash crops, West: grains, meat, dairy, coal, copper, gold, silver) |
| Missouri Compromise | MO= slave state Maine= free state Slavery would no longer be allowed South of the 36’30 parallel South did NOT like this b/c their area was smaller |
| Popular Sovereignty | Rights of the people living in a territory to vote if they want slavery or do not want slavery Popular= people; Sovereignty= supreme power or authority |
| The Nullification Crisis | Tariff of 1828- increased taxes up to 50% VP of US, John C. Calhoun (SC), said that the tariff was unconstitutional SO states could nullify that law Calhoun opened the door for nullification to lead to secession (leaving the union) |
| Secede | Formally withdraw from membership in a political state Result of Nullification Crisis Approved by John C. Calhoun |
| Jackson v. Calhoun | President Jackson thought SC Nullifiers were traitors SC organized armed volunteers to defend SC in case of secession→ but NO other southern states agreed Calhoun publicly supported nullification but NOT secession→ resigned as VP of US |
| The Compromise of 1850 | Had 5 parts: California will enter union as a free state Created Utah and New Mexico with popular sovereignty Pay Texas $10 million Stop the slave trade in Washington D.C. Create a stronger Fugitive Slave Act |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin | Written by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe Opened people’s eyes to the horrors of slavery Showed that the South AND the North were both the problem with slavery Sold throughout the US (mostly the North) and the world |
| John C. Calhoun | Born in Abbeville, SC to wealthy slaveholding parents Served US as Secretary of War, VP (x2), Senator Strong voice for sectional independence, slavery and white supremacy |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Stephen Douglas wanted transcontinental railroad Created Kansas and Nebraska (above the 36’30 parallel) Douglas wanted Southern support so he proposed repealing the MO Comp. and letting slavery be decided by popular sovereignty N= ANGRY |
| The Birth of the Republican Party | Whig party was dying out b/c N and S couldn’t get along New party created that believed in anti-immigrants and anti-catholics: “Know Nothings” STRICTLY A NORTHERN PARTY |
| Bleeding Kansas | People of all beliefs on slavery moved to the territories to vote on slave v. free 1855: determined Kansas to be a pro-slavery state Outcome caused an uproar- 4 different state constitutions were written to be followed |
| Dred Scott Decision | Scott sued his owner for his freedom→ The Supreme Court ruled since he was black, he was not a citizen, so he had no right to file a lawsuit; MO Compromise was Unconstitutional b/c it took away the rights of slaveowners to move their “property.” |
| Caning of Senator Sumner | MA Sen. Charles Sumner gave a speech where he insulted SC Sen. Andrew Butler. His Cousin, Preston Brooks, beat Sumner until his cane broke. Sumner suffered pain the rest of his life. Southerners sent canes to Brooks to show support. North was horrified. |
| Raid on Harpers Ferry | In 1859, John Brown led an attack on a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, WV; Robert E. Lee helped capture Brown; he was tried for treason and hung.; Death made him a martyr for abolitionists. Southerners thought he was a terrorist |
| The Election of 1860 | The new Republican Party nominated Abe Lincoln for president Northern and Southern dems couldn’t agree and nominated two different candidates (N=Douglas, S=Breckenridge) Lincoln won and SC immediately seceeded (broke away) from the US. |
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