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CH2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are atoms called that are not either carbon or hydrogen | heteroatoms and are written by their symbol |
| carbocation | 3 bond pairs and one empty P orbital. Has a positive formal charge. Has trigonal planar geometry. |
| C-H functional groups | Alkene - single bonds Alkane - double bonds with 1 Pi bond Alkyne - triple bonds |
| carbanion | 3 bonds with 1 LP and has negative FC. |
| Molecular dipole moment | Combined EN where it is balanced and can become a nonpolar bond if in-btwn 2 polar |
| Other functional groups | Ketone ester ether carboxylic acid aldehyde amine acetic anhydride diol alcohol thial benzene |
| Resonance | overlap of P orbitals to form pi bonds and move e- to other P orbitals. delocalization of e-'s. There must be P orbitals for e-'s to be delocalized through the P orbitals. |
| Localized e- | electrons secured in place. |
| Resonance hybrid vs resonance structure | structures are placed in brackets and show possible resonance structures with double headed arrow. A resonance hybrid combine all resonance structures with charge. Are more stable and lower in energy because the e- spreads around structure |
| What makes a more stable resonance hybrid structure | electrons being able to move around the structure and having multiple resonance structures |
| What are the 5 patterns of resonance arrows? | Allylic carbocation Allylic lone pair lone pair next to a carbocation PI bond between atoms of different EN conjugated pi bonds entrapped in a ring |
| Resonance rules | arrows go from negative to where the electron is attacking delocalization occurs with pi bonds only, lone pair, or negative charge. Never excess octect for 2nd row (B, C, N, O, F) may be les, but not more. When multiple resonance hybrids |
| Allylic lone pair | resonance bonding patterns. lone pairs next to c-c double bonds |
| Allylic carbocation | Carbocation with allylic carbon |
| Third resonance structure pattern | if lone pair is next to a carbocation. |
| Fourth resonance structure pattern | if the pi bond between atoms of different EN,, the electrons will be more attracted to the more EN atom causing the Pi bond to be unevenly shared |
| 5th resonance structure pattern | conjugated pi bonds entrapped in a ring |
| What is the first rule to find the most significant resonance structure? | most significant resonance forms have the greatest octets filled |
| What is the second rule to find the most significant resonance structure? | structure w/minimum fewer formal charges |
| What is the third rule to find the most significant resonance structure? | structure with negative charge on the most EN atom will be the most significant. if formal charge cannot be avoided in resonance structure, (+) FC on less EN. |
| Delocalized lone pair | it's not always the lone pair that will undergo resonance but only the lone pains in the P orbital. if a double bond and a pi bond is present, the Pi bond fills the sp2 hybridized orbital and becomes localized. |
Created by:
Acrob89
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