Help
Options
Term
legal-rational
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Term
charismatic authority
Remaining cards (85)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
comparative politics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| legal-rational | authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader |
| charismatic authority | authority based on an individual's outstanding traits, which attract followers |
| traditional authority | Power due to custom, tradition, or accepted practice; monarchy |
| theocracy | A government controlled by religious leaders |
| state | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. |
| Modernizing Authoritarianism | Educated elites in rule, power is gained by political repression, china is an example, democracy is not efficient |
| rational choice theory | A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives. |
| conditional cash transfer | a program in which financial support is given only to people who engage in certain actions |
| Authoritarianism vs. Totalitarianism | rulers don't seek to control every aspect of the society and the economy (focuses on keeping themselves in power) vs rulers seek to transform the total fabric of society, totalitarianism uses force to break people and shatter institutions |
| institutions | the rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping politics |
| democratization vs. democratic consolidation | Democratization: transition to democracy, short to medium time, establish democratic inst., reformers, opposition groups. Consolidation: stability and deep democracy, long term, normalize democratic norms, politicians, civil society. |
| ethnicity | Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. |
| proportional representation | An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote. |
| market failure | a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently |
| dictator's dilemma | an authoritarian ruler's repression creates fear, which then breeds uncertainty about how much support the ruler has; in response, the ruler spends more resources than is rational to co-opt the opposition |
| nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
| Kleptocracy | "Rule by theft," where those in power seek only to drain the state of assets and resources |
| public goods | Goods, such as clean air and clean water, that everyone must share. |
| modernization theory | A theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism |
| mixed election system | Voters cast votes for both local candidate and political party. Germany and Japan. Majoritarian (district) and Proportional rep. (party). |
| regulation | government intervention in a market that affects the production of a good |
| dependent variable | The outcome factor |
| internal vs. external validity | Internal: extent to which we can say that the change in outcome variable (dependent) is due to intervention External: extent to which findings can be generalized to real world |
| inference | A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning |
| correlation vs. causation | correlation does not equal causation. correlation: two things happen together. Causation: directly cause. |
| devolution | the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states |
| new institutionalism | A reaction to behaviorism - Tries to explain the role that institutions play in the determination of social and political outcomes: interests (rational choice), beliefs/cultural (sociological) , and structures (historical) |
| human development index | Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy |
| import-substitution industrialization | an economic system that attempts to strengthen a country's industrial power by restricting foreign imports |
| economic and monetary union | Single currency |
| federalism | A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments |
| conditionality | the requirements imposed on prospective borrowers by the IMF or other lending institutions that emphasize economic growth over welfare considerations |
| microfinance | provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries |
| foreign direct investment | Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country |
| structural adjustment program | Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade |
| vote of no confidence | Vote taken by a legislature as to whether its members continue to support the current prime minister. Depending on the country |
| electoral threshold | the minimum level of support a party needs to obtain representation |
| political resource curse | Countries that rely heavily on revenue from natural resources are unlikely to democratize. They are also prone to corruption |
| Duverger's law | Law of politics |
| Open vs. Closed lists (PR) | open: vote for individual candidate within party list. party's overall share of votes = number of seats. candidates selected based on number of votes. Closed: voters select a party. Candidates selected in the order they appear on the party's list |
| Cohabitation | living together; coexistence. more ethnicities |
| false consciousness | A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position |
| district magnitude | the number of representatives elected in a district |
| Corporatism | a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party; public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups |
| clientelism | A process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support |
| one-party rule | Rule by one political party |
| externalities | A side effect of an action that affects a third party other than the buyer or seller. ex: global warming |
| comparative advantage | the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer |
| "Two-turnover" test of democracy | 1st: An incumbent government peacefully loses power and diff political group takes power. 2nd: New ruling group loses power in subsequent election and another group in power. Tests the peaceful transfer of power; democracy |
| coup d'etat | A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group |
| Positive vs. normative distinction | positive: fact based. Normative: opinion based |
| behavioralism | The empirical study of actual human behavior rather than abstract or speculative theories |
| controlled comparison | accomplished by examining the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable |
| personalist regime | System of government in which a central leader comes to dominate a state |
| natural experiment | a natural event that acts as an experimental treatment in an ecosystem |
| Majoritarian vs. consensus democracy | majoritarian: majority party |
| Structure vs. agency | Agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. The structure versus agency debate may be understood as an issue of socialization against autonomy in determining whether an individual acts as a free agent |
| Jus sanguinis vs. jus soli | jus soli- civic nationalism |
| Minimalist vs. liberal democracy | minimalist: focuses on core elements of democracy (elections). Liberal: expands to include protection of rights and freedoms |
| Political vs. civil vs. social rights | political: political participation. civil: protect individual freedoms and equality. social: ensure basic needs and well-being. (vote |
| Three dimensions of power | one: power to make someone do something. two: set agenda |
| Essentialism vs. constructivism | Essentialism: Ethnic conflicts are historically rooted. Constructivism: Social construction created identities |
| Assimilation vs. multicultural integration | assimilation- adopting the customs and culture of a dominant group. multicultural- acceptance and support of cultural differences |
| Vertical vs. horizontal accountability | Vertical: holds state institutions accountable-voting holds politicians accountable. Horizontal: state institutions holding other state institutions accountable- checks and balances |
| Historical materialism | a theory developed by Karl Marx |
| civil society | Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests |
| technocracy | government or social systems that put technological theories into practice |
| Single Transferable Vote | electoral system in which voters rank candidates and the winners' surplus votes are reallocated to other |
| impeachment vs. vote of no confidence | A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office. VNC: political process based on loss of trust or support from legislature |
| dual legitimacy | Both the president and an elected legislature enjoy democratic legitimacy |
| populism | the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite |
| political polarization | The process by which the public opinion divides and goes to the extremes |
| cult of personality | Promotion of the image of an authoritarian leader not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual |
| Coercion vs. co-optation | coercion: force or threats. co-optation: benefits or rewards to gain support |
| patrimonialism | An arrangement whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler's will |
| political vs. social revolution | political: changing political system or gov't. social: changing society's social structures and values |
| means-tested public assistance | social programs that provide benefits to individuals who fall below a specific income level; TANF is an example in the United States |
| universal entitlement | Benefits that governments provide to all citizens more or less equally |
| globalization | Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope |
| Washington Consensus | An array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed-country economists and policy makers starting in the 1980s |
| social movements | A large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change |
| Pluralism vs. neocorporatism | plural: interest groups compete freely for influence. neo: interest groups integrated into policy-making process and negotiate with gov't |
| State corporatism vs. neocorporatism | state: state controls and directly integrates interest groups into decision-making. Neo: interest groups are independent but participate in negotiations with state |
| overhang mandate | mixed member proportional representation: political party wins more seats than entitled to |
| European Union | An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members |
| Austerity measures | government policies meant to save money |
Created by:
sophie.chr