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MODULE 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biological macromolecules | Large molecules necessary for life |
| Monomer | The small |
| Polymer | Large molecules made up of chains of monomers. |
| Carbohydrates | Organic compounds consisting of carbon |
| Monosaccharides | The simplest form of carbohydrates (simple sugars) that cannot be further hydrolyzed |
| Disaccharides | Carbohydrates formed by linking two monosaccharides |
| Polysaccharides | Complex carbohydrates formed by linking multiple monosaccharides |
| Maltose | A disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules; commonly found in germinating seeds and used in brewing and digestion of starch. |
| Sucrose | A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; commonly known as table sugar and found in sugarcane and sugar beets. |
| Lactose | A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose; commonly known as milk sugar and found in dairy products. |
| Starch | A polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants |
| Cellulose | A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plant cell walls and is indigestible by humans (dietary fiber). |
| Glycogen | A branched polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of glucose in animals |
| Lipids | Hydrophobic organic molecules |
| Saturated fatty acids | Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbon atoms |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | Fatty acids with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms |
| Triglyceride | A lipid molecule made of one glycerol and three fatty acids |
| Phospholipids | Lipids with a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails |
| Steroids | Lipids with a structure of four fused carbon rings; includes hormones like testosterone and estrogen. |
| Proteins | Macromolecules made of amino acids |
| Amino acids | Building blocks of proteins |
| Peptide bond | The covalent bond linking amino acids in proteins. |
| Nucleic acids | Macromolecules (DNA and RNA) that store genetic information and direct protein synthesis. |
| Nucleotide | The monomer of nucleic acids |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | A double-stranded nucleic acid containing genetic instructions for the development and function of living things. |
| RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) | A single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation. |
| ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | The primary energy currency of the cell. |
| Enzymes | Proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed. |
| Activation energy | The energy required to start a chemical reaction. |
| Denaturation | The loss of an enzyme's shape and function due to changes in temperature or pH. |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy stored in glucose. |
| Cellular respiration | The process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP |
| Glycolysis | The first step of cellular respiration |
| Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that produce ATP |
| Electron Transport Chain | The final stage of aerobic respiration |
| Anabolism | The set of metabolic pathways that build complex molecules from simpler ones |
| Catabolism | The set of metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules into simpler ones |
| Chloroplast | An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. |
| Thylakoid | The membrane-bound structures within chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur. |
| Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions) | The stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH. |
| Maltose | A disaccharide made of two glucose molecules |
| Sucrose | A disaccharide made of glucose and fructose |
| Lactose | A disaccharide made of glucose and galactose |
| Starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants |
| Cellulose | A structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls; indigestible by humans |
| Glycogen | A storage polysaccharide in animals |
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