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Bio Chapter 12
The Forces of Evolutionary Change
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In 1859, _____ published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. | Charles Darwin |
| _____ is a genetic change in a population from generation to generation. | evolution |
| Heritable traits that provide benefits and advantages for individuals in a population to survive and reproduce are ________. | adaptations |
| The collection of genes and the corresponding alleles in a population is a _________. | gene pool |
| In _______ _selection, one extreme phenotype is the fittest while others are selected against. | directional |
| In _________selection, individuals with two or more extreme fit phenotypes survive and natural selection selects against the intermediate phenotype. | disruptive |
| The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is ___________. | stabilizing selection |
| In Africa and other parts of the world, malaria parasites can cause deadly illness. Individuals who are heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia can produce a resistance to the malaria infection. This is known as __________. | heterozygote advantage |
| At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, ________ does not occur. | evolution |
| Farmers and horticulturalists have bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through __________. | artificial selection |
| The few ancestors of the Galàpagos finches who colonized the islands would be an example of _____________________. | founder effect |
| The North American bison was hunted to near extinction in the 1800s, and has since recovered, but with decreased genetic diversity. This is an example of _________. | bottleneck effect |
| true or false Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to find mates. | true |
| true or false Artificial selection is responsible for many breeds of dogs and cats | true |
| true or false Darwin believed that because of "differential reproductive success" a population would change over time. | true |
| true or false Natural selection acts FOR THE MOST FIT members of a population. | true |
| true or false Evolution is measured as changes IN THE GENE POOL that occur within POPULATION over time. | true |
| true or false In an evolutionary sense, fitness refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool. | true |
| true or false ALTHOUGH the conditions needed for the Hardy-Weinberg principle do not occur in real populations, this principle STILL HAS importance in population studies | true |
| true or false Nonrandom mating, gene flow, and genetic drift are mechanisms of microevolution | true |
| A gradual change in an organism, from an ancestral type, was referred to by Darwin as a. an adaptation. b. descent with modification. c. artificial selection. d. convergent evolution. e. natural selection. | b. descent with modification. |
| Which of the following is a violation of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? a. no mutations b. random mating c. no natural selection d. individuals immigrating or emigrating e. a very large population | d. individuals immigrating or emigrating |
| At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium a.allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next and therefore evolution does not occur. b.evolution occurs at an increased rate. c.allele frequencies change from one generation to the next. | a. allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next and therefore evolution does not occur. |
| ________ refers to differences in size, appearance, or behavior between males and females of the same species. | dimorphism |
| Sexually dimorphic features include a. colored plumage. b. antlers. c. body size. d. additional tail feathers. e. All of the above can be sexually dimorphic features. | e. All of the above can be sexually dimorphic features. |
| If an environment changes rapidly, individual organisms with _____ will likely survive and reproduce. a.existing beneficial mutations b.the ability to produce beneficial mutations d.the ability to adapt their genotype e.the correct allele frequency | b. the ability to produce beneficial mutations |
| Natural selection acts on the genetic makeup of a. individuals. b. communities. c. populations. d. genotypes. e. alleles. | c. populatiuons |
| The bottleneck effect is the loss of genetic diversity that occurs when a. many members of a population die. b. many members of a population reproduce. c. small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements. | a. many members of a population die |
| The bottleneck effect and the founder effect are two types of a. genetic drift. b. nonrandom mating. c. mutation. d. natural selection. | a. genetic drift. |
| n a population of 200 fish, 182 fish are blue and 18 fish are red. Eighty-four of the 182 blue fish are heterozygous for the color trait. What is the frequency of the red allele in the population? a. 0.09 b. 0.3 c. 0.51 d. 0.6 e. 0.7 | a. 0.3 |
| In regards to evolution, what deer would have the highest "fitness" a.a deer that is able to run the fastest b. a deer that mates the most c.a deer with the best genes d.a deer that produces the most surviving offspring ea deer that lives the longest | d. a deer that produces the most surviving offspring |
| An earthquake causes the size of a deer population to drop rapidly over a short period. Allele frequencies shift. What mechanism of evolution does this situation illustrate? a. founder effect b. artificial selection c. bottleneck effect | c. bottleneck effect |
| Suppose that after an environmental change, moths with the darkest coloration have the greatest reproductive success. What type of natural selection does this situation represent? a. disruptive selection b. stabilizing selection c.directional selection | c. directional selection |
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