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Final Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sociologists emphasize that race is | a socially constructed reality |
| A category pf people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes, is referred to as a(n) | race |
| According to sociologists, which of the following is most important in defining what females and males are, what they should do, and what sorts of relations do or should exist between them? | Social and cultural processes |
| Which of the following terms refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males? | sex |
| The process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior is called political | socialization |
| Which of the following terms refers to the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders? | Government |
| A formal statement on a political party's positions on various social and economic issues is called the party's | platform |
| According to Max Weber, the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others is called | power |
| The central ingredient in the U.S. governmental bureaucracy is the | federal budget |
| What is the use of objective and systematic observation to test theories, one that is often employed by sociologists? | the scientific method |
| Karl Marx believed that __________ was the central force in social change | class conflict |
| Durkeim's concept of _____________ refers to how much people are tied to their social groups | social integration |
| Sociologists who analyze how social life depends on the ways that people define themselves and others are most likely | symbolic interactionists |
| Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered a(n) _____________ and John would been as a(n) _________________ | functionalist, conflict theorist |
| Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe | culture |
| Sociologists use the concept of "norms" to describe | expectations or rules of behavior that develop from values |
| To try to understand a culture on its own terms is called _______________ while judging all other cultures by one's own culture is called __________________ | cultural relativism, ethnocentrism |
| What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"? | socialization |
| People and groups that influence our orientation to life - our self-conception, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors - are called | agents of socialization |
| A focus on the large-scale social structures and social systems is called ___________________. A focus on the small-scale day-to-day interactions and behaviors within groups is called ____________. | macrosociology, microsociology |
| A position in society that cuts across other statuses a person holds, such as being a high-ranking Army officer, a college president, or a handicapped Olympian, would be considered that person's | master status |
| ______________ such as the family, religion, education, the economy, and the government refer(s) to the typical ways society meets its essential needs | social institutions |
| Samantha works for an organization that is hierarchical and has a division of labor, written rules, communications and records, one in which the administration treats workers impersonally. Based on these characteristics, we can conclude that | Samantha works for a(n) bureaucracy |
| How does the structure and function of groups change as they grow in size? | Groups tend to develop a more formal social structure |
| The concept of the relativity of deviance is best illustrated by which of the following statements? | It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant |
| Slavery, Caste and Social Class are systems of ___________ and represent the division of large numbers of people into layers. The significant difference between social class and the systems of slavery and cast is __________. | social stratification, the class system has fluid boundaries |
| _______________________ is recognized as a founder in the study of race relations and continues to influence studies of inequality, social justice and the need for change in racial/ethnic and class relations | W.E.B. Dubois |
| Our reality is "real" because of background assumptions and life experiences. Thus, our subjective interpretation defines our reality. Sociologists refer to this as | social construction of reality |
| C. Wright Mills identified the power elite as the major decision-makers at the highest levels of what sectors in the United States? | corporations, politics, and the military |
| Which of the following terms did Karl Marx use to refer to those who own the means of production, such as the land and capital necessary for factories and mines? | The bourgeoisie |
| In the late 1970s, sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term "feminization of poverty" to refer to the trend in which | women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty |
| A reduction in the proficiency needed to perform a specific job, leading to a corresponding reduction in the wages for that job or in the use of nonhuman technologies to perform the work, is called | job deskilling |
| The term used by the Department of Agriculture to identify people whose access to adequate food is limited by lack of money and other resources is | food insecure |
| The term "pink-collar occupation" refers to | a relatively low paying, nonmanual, semiskilled position that is primarily held by women |
| The movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another is called | social mobility |
| Sociologist Karl Marx believed that workers are exploited by capitalists. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from others and from oneself. He termed this feeling | alienation |
| The number of deaths per thousand live births in a calendar year is referred to as the | infant mortality rate |
| in the context of global inequality, identify a true statement from the following. | The countries with the highest percentages of "poor" on the Multidimensional Poverty Index are all in Africa. |
| Nations that have highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and pre capita income are called _________ countries | high income |
| Which of the following statements is true of low-income economies? | Many people in these economies engage in agricultural pursuits. |
| Which of the following theories most closely approximates a functionalist approach to explaining inequality? | modernization theory |
| Low-income countries have | little industrialization |
| A condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life is called __________ poverty | absolute |
| According to symbolic interactionists, when individuals meet someone who does not conform to their existing stereotype, they frequently | ignore any behavior that contradicts the stereotype |
| A bank consistently denies loans to people of color because it believes they are unlikely to repay the amount due on time. This is most likely an example of _______________ discrimination. | institutional |
| The U.S. Census of ______ made it possible for the first time for individuals to identify themselves as being of more than one race. | 2000 |
| Which of the following theories states that actions of the government substantially define racial and ethnic relations in the United States? | The theory of racial formation |
| In the context of gender socialization in sports, which of the following is a difference between girls and boys? | Unlike boys, girls are socialized to play games that involve minimal competitiveness |
| According to functional analysts such as Talcott Parsons, | women's roles as nurturers and caregivers are even more pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies. |
| Showing favoritism toward one gender over the other is called | gender bias |
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janeysiakemora