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Bio Study guide 12
Bio Study guide Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a gene? | a specific region of DNA, a sequence of Nucleotides that can be converted into RNA and ultimately into a protein |
| What is the arrangement of the nucleotides in a gene | it found in triplets, units of three nucleotides |
| What is the arrangement of nucleotides in mRNA? | a gene each triplet in the sequence is identified as a codon |
| How many nucleotides in a single codon? | consists of a set of three nucleotides |
| What is the “universal” start codon? | identifies where the gene begins: AUG ( Adenine, Uracil, and Guanine) |
| What are the “universal” stop codons? | Identifies where the gene ends: UAA, UAG, or UGA |
| What does a codon code for? | specifies a specific amino acid to be used in the resultant |
| What are the Codon segment? | length varies (2 or more) and contains "good" sequences and "random" sequences |
| What is Gregor Mendel’s contribution to biology? | Predicted that inheritable "factors" were at work in the cells. |
| what year did Gregor Mendel’s work get published | 1865 |
| What did Gregor Mendel study | Pea plants |
| When did Gregor Mendel's research become influential | his work would remain uninfluential until the early 1900's |
| Did Gregor Mendel only study Pea plants? | No, he observed a variety of different plants before settling on the pea plant. |
| What is true breeding strain? | any crosses performed will result in offspring with the same phenotype, indicating that the organism is homozygous for every gene. |
| What do we mean by saying a trait is dominant? | alleles exert their effects whenever they are present, and when breeding with a dominant trait it will always yield a recessive trait |
| When can a recessive allele be expressed in the phenotype? | because recessive alleles are masked by a dominant allele, if you cross bred a recessive allele with a Heterozygous trait. The recessive allele can be expressed |
| What are Mendel’s three “Laws”? | Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment |
| Law of Dominance | if a trait has two expressions, the dominant form determine the organisms appearance |
| Law of Segregation | the two expressions appear in separate gametes |
| Law of Independent Assortment | the gametes of the organism contain a random mix of the traits |
| What is the “Central Dogma”? | the process by which the genetic information is expressed is protein synthesis |
| What is transcription? | is DNA -----> RNA (both nucleic acids) |
| What is translation? | is RNA -----> Protein (from nucleic acid to protein) |
| What are the three major types of RNA? | mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA |
| In Genetics, what are the exons? | the coding regions of a gene that are retained within the final messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript |
| Which piece of RNA has the anticodon? | tRNA has the binding spots for the amino acid an anticodon |
| What is epistasis? | two or more genes affect a single trait |
| Pleiotropy | one gene affect two or more traits |
| Epigenetics | a protein regulates gene expression |
| Which nucleotide binds to Guanine? | Cytosine |
| In Mendelian genetics, how do we identify a dominant trait when doing a reproductive cross? | it will show the dominant trait |
| What is a homozygous trait? | if the individual has two dominant alleles for a gene |
| What is a Heterozygous trait? | if the individual has one dominant and one recessive allele |
| "True breeding" | phenotypes means that the parental organisms are homozygous for the trait. |
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