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Bio Chapter 16
Viruses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A site in nature where a virus replicates until it can enter a new host is its ____ | host cell |
| Human influenza viruses can exchange genes with ______ and ___________ influenza viruses. | avian flu; swine flu |
| Viruses are smaller than _____ | cells |
| The genetic information in viruses can be either ________, _________, _________, or _____________ | single stranded RNA, double stranded RNA, single stranded DNA, double stranded DNA |
| A layer of membrane outside the protein coat of some viruses is called a(n) _______ | viral envelope |
| Viruses that infect bacteria are ________ | bacteriophage |
| The shape of a virus is determined by its _______ | capsid |
| The host range of a virus is determined by ________ or ________ | it's protein; host protein |
| The correct sequence of the stages of viral replication is ___________, ________, ___________, ___________, and finally ___________ | attachment, entry, gene replication, assembly, exit |
| The stage of viral replication in which viral nucleic acids and proteins are manufactured is _____________ | gene replication (step 3) |
| The stage of viral replication in which the virus binds a cell surface receptor is ________________ | attachment (step 1) |
| The stage of viral replication in which the new viruses leaves the host cell is ______ | exit (step 5) |
| The type of viral infection in which a virus enters a host cell, immediately replicates, and causes the host cell to burst is a _________ infection | lytic |
| Viral DNA inserted into a chromosome of the host is a __________ | provirus |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is classified as a(n) ____________ | RNA retrovirus |
| The enzyme that HIV uses to copy its RNA into DNA is ________________________ | reverse transcriptase |
| A patient receiving an integrase inhibitor and two reverse transcriptase inhibitors is probably being treated for an infection by _________________ | HIV |
| Our most effective weapon against viral infections is _______ | vaccines |
| An infectious RNA molecule is a(n) _______ | viroid |
| An infectious protein is a(n) ________ | prion |
| Oral infections with herpes simplex virus 1 can lie dormant in nerve cells for years. When the virus is inactive, or dormant, it is in the _______stage | latent |
| Viruses always lack_____________ | organelles and the ability to function without a host cell |
| Drugs like aziodothymidine (AZT) work against HIV infections by inhibiting _____________ | reverse transcriptase |
| HIV infects ______________cells | human t |
| Explain why viruses are not living organisms | Viruses don’t have any organelles therefore they cannot function on their own and have to use a host cell to replicate |
| The influenza virus contains an RNA genome. Every year a flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists make a new vaccine each year? | The virus mixes with other viruses producing a new strand that the old vaccine won’t fight against |
| infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes the death of immune system cells called _and over many years, HIV can lead to_in which immune system is deficient a. lymph nodes, influenza b. helper t-cells, AIDS c. cold sores, herpes simplex I | helper T-cells |
| what is similar between the lysogenic cycle of a bacterial virus and the HIV infection cycle a. new virus particles bud out of cell w/o killing cell b. only genetic material of virus enters host cell c. viral genome is integrated into host chromosome | viral genome is integrated into host chromosome |
| Describe the basic characteristics of a virus | Single or double stranded DNA or RNA, Viral capsid, and viral envelope |
| Compare the size of a typical virus with that of a typical bacterium, eukaryotic cell and protozoan | Viruses are much smaller than any cell. Virus size if period, cell would be the size of a pea |
| Describe the physical features that are used to classify viruses | Viral capsid (shape) and envelope |
| Define host range and explain why viruses have specific hosts and tissues they infect | Host range is the types of cells or organisms a virus can affect. Each virus has a receptor protein that will match up with the protein on a specific host cell |
| Diagram and describe the replication cycle of a polyhedral, dsDNA naked virus that infects a eukaryotic cell (Adenovirus). | Virus attaches to host and injects its nucleic acids in the cell. The host transcribes and translates the DNA as if it were its own. New viruses assemble and leave the cell. When leaving, lytic cycle ruptures cell causing death |
| Explain how cancer caused by HPV can be prevented. | Prevented by vaccine and abstinence |
| Explain the best method for preventing viral disease. | Vaccines and clean hygiene |
| Explain the mechanism of action of several antiviral agents that are used to treat HIV disease | To block replication sites |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of the lytic cycle a. Viral DNA is incorporated into host genome b. viral genome replicates without destroying host c. large # of viruses are released when host cell ruptures d. virus released by budding | c. large # of viruses are released when host cell ruptures |
| ______use the host cell to copy themselves and make viral proteins | viruses |
| Which of the following supports the argument that viruses are nonliving a. they are not cellular b. their DNA does not encode proteins c. they have RNA rather than DNA d. They do not evolve e. they have an envelope surrounding a protein shell | a. they are not cellular |
| which of the following is NOT a feature associated w/ viruses? a. cytoplasm b. genetic information c. protein coat d. envelope | a. cytoplasm |
| Which of the following is the largest? a. HIV b. RNA molecule c. Human T-cell d. E. coli cell | c. Human T-cell |
| which of the characteristics of life does a virus have? a. ribosomes b. evolution c. homeostasis d. growth | b. evolution |
| What enzyme copies HIV's genetic material, forming DNA | reverse transcriptase from the virus |
| why do viruses have a specific range of host(s) they can infect? | they have evolved to attach to specific cell receptors that are only found in those organisms |
| Gardasil vaccine can prevent most______cause by HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) | cervical cancers |
| Infection w/ HIV causes the death of immune system cells called ________, and over many years, HIV can lead to a disease called _______ in which the immune system is deficient | helper T cells; AIDS |
Created by:
hbhull05