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Muscular System
A& P I- Ch. 10 Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the three functional groups classified by muscles? | The prime mover; agonist; synergists |
| What does the prime movers do? | Prime movers has the major responsibility of producing muscle movement |
| What does the antagonists do? | Muscles that opposes/ reverses a particular movement. It can regulate prime mover by providing some resistance |
| What does the synergists do? | One or more synergists that helps prime movers by adding a little extra force to the same movement |
| What is an example of a prime mover? | The pectoralis major muscle, which fleshes out the anterior chest (and inserts on the humerus), is a prime mover of arm flexion |
| What is an example of an antagonist? | The flexion of the arm by the pectoralis major muscle is antagonized by the latissimus dorsi, which is the prime mover for extending the arm |
| What does the word antagonist mean? | Against the leader |
| What does the word agonist mean? | Leader |
| What does the word synergists mean? | Syn= together, erg= work |
| What are synergists called when they immobilize a bone, or a muscle's origin so that the prime mover has a stable base on which to act? | Fixators |
| Can a muscle act as a prime mover in one movement, an antagonist for another movement, and synergist for a third movemnt? | Yes |
| How are skeletal muscles named? | Muscle location; shape; size; direction of muscle fibers; number of origins; location of the attachments; the muscle action |
| How are skeletal muscles named by its location? | By the bone or body region with which the muscle is associated |
| What are two examples of a skeletal muscle named by its location? | The temporalis muscles that overlies the temporal bone; the brachialis muscle that is in the arm |
| How are skeletal muscles named by its shape? | By their distinctive shape |
| What are two examples of a skeletal muscles named by its shape? | The deltoid muscle which is roughly triangular; the right and left trapezius muscles together form a trapezoid |
| How are skeletal muscles named by its size? | By using the latin words for largest (maximus); smallest (minimus); long (longus); short (brevis) |
| What are what are two examples of skeletal muscles named by their shape? | The gluteus maximus (largest butt); gluteus minimus (smallest) |
| How are skeletal muscles named by its number of origins? | By how many muscle heads formed within a part of a muscle's name, attached to different origins |
| What are three examples of that muscles according to two, three, or four muscle heads? | The biceps brachii ( two origins found in the large, dorsal part of the upper arm); triceps brachii (three origins found in the large, dorsal part of the upper arm |
| How are skeletal muscles named by its location of the attachments? | By where the muscle's point of origin and insertion. The origin is always named first |
| What are two examples of muscles named by its location of attachment? | The sternocleiodomastoid (one origin on the sternum and one origin on the clavical and is inserted on the mastoid process of the temporal bone); triceps brachii (two origins on the humerus, one insertion on ulna) of the upper arm |
| How are skeletal muscles named by its action? | By the action of muscle joint movement they produce |
| What are two examples of skeletal muscles named by the movement of its muscle? | Abductor digiti minimi, extensor carpi radialis longus |
| What are the common patterns of fascicle arrangement? | Circular; convergent; parallel; pennate |
| What is a circular pattern? | The fascicle pattern that is circular when the fascicles arranged in concentric rings |
| What is an example of fascicle arrangment that is circular? | Orbicularis muscles surrounds the eyes and the mouth |
| What is a convergent pattern? | A muscle that has a broad origin and its fascicle converges towards a single tendon of insertion |
| What is an example of fascicle arrangment that is convergent? | Pectoralis major muscle of the anterior thorax |
| What is a parallel pattern? | The fascicle pattern in which the length of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. These muscles are either straplike, spindle shaped with an expanded belly (can be separately classified as fusiform muscles) |
| What is an example of fascicle arrangment that is parallel that is straplike? | The sartorius muscle of the thigh |
| What is an example of fascicle arrangment that is parallel that is spindle shaped with an extended belly? | The biceps brachii muscles of the arm |
| What is a pennate pattern? | A muscle pattern in which the fascicles (and muscle fibers) are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle. It comes in three forms |
| What is an unipennate pattern of a pennate fascicle pattern? | The fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon |
| What is an example of an unipennate pattern of a pennate fascicle pattern? | Exensor digitorum longus muscle of the leg |
| What is a bipennate pattern of a pennate fascicle pattern? |
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gabrielle007u