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Communications Vocab
Test 3 (Chapters 12-15)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| addition | the articulation error that involves adding extra parts to words |
| articulation | the process of pronouncing all the necessary parts of a word, with all its distinct syllables |
| attitude | the predisposition to respond to an idea, person, or thing favorably or unfavorably |
| audience analysis | a consideration of characteristics, including the type, goals, demographics, beliefs, attitudes, and values of listeners |
| beliefs | an underlying conviction about the truth of an idea, often based on cultural training |
| databases | a computerized collection of information that can be searched in a variety of ways to locate information that the user is seeking |
| debilitative communication apprehension | an intense level of anxiety about speaking before an audience, resulting in poor performance |
| deletion | an articulation error that involves leaving off parts of spoken words |
| demographics | audience characteristics that can be analyzed statistically, such as age, gender, education, and group membership |
| extemporaneous speech | a speech that is planned in advance but presented in a direct, conversational manner |
| facilitative communication apprehension | a moderate level of anxiety about speaking before an audience that helps improve the speaker's performance |
| fallacy of approval | the irrational belief that it is vital to win the approval of virtually every person a communicator deals with |
| fallacy of catastrophic failure | the irrational belief that the worst possible outcome will probably occur |
| fallacy of overgeneralization | irrational beliefs in which conclusions (usually negative) are based on limited evidence or communicators exagerrate their shortcomings |
| fallacy of perfection | the irrational belief that a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle every situation with complete confidence and skill |
| general purpose | one of three basic ways a speaker seeks to affect an audience: to entertain, inform, or persuade |
| impromptu speech | a speech given "off the top of one's head" without preparation |
| irrational thinking | beliefs that have no basis in reality or logic; one source of debilitative communication apprehension |
| manuscript speeches | a speech that is read word for word from a prepared text |
| memorized speeches | a speech learned and delivered by rote without a written text |
| pitch | the highness or lowness of one's voice |
| purpose statement | a complete sentence that describes precisely what a speaker wants to accomplish |
| rate | the speed at which a speaker utters words |
| slurring | the articulation error that involves overlapping the end of one word with the beginning of the end |
| specific purpose | the precise effect that the speaker wants to have on an audience; it is expressed in the form of a purpose statement |
| substitution | the articulation error that involves replacing part of a word with an indirect sound |
| survey research | information gathering in which the responses of a population sample are collected to disclose information about the larger group |
| thesis statement | a complete sentence describing the central idea of a speech |
| values | a deeply rooted belief about a concept's inherent worth |
| visualization | a technique for rehearsal using a mental visualization of the successful completion of a speech |
| analogies | an extended comparison that can be used as supporting material in a speech |
| anecdotes | a brief, personal story used to illustrate or support a point in a speech |
| basic speech structure | the division of a speech into introduction, body, and conclusion |
| cause-effect patterns | an organizing plan for a speech that demonstrates how one or more events results in another event or events |
| citation | a brief statement of supporting material in a speech |
| climax patterns | an organizing plan for a speech that builds ideas to the point of maximum interest or tension |
| conclusion | the final part of a speech, in which the main points are reviewed and final remarks are made to motivate the audience or help listeners remember key ideas |
| factual example | a true, specific case that is used to demonstrate a general idea |
| formal outline | a consistent format and set of symbols used to identify the structure of ideas |
| hypothetical examples | an example that asks the audience to imagine an object or event |
| introduction | the first structural unit of a speech, in which the speaker captures the audience's attention and previews the main points to be covered |
| narration | the presentation of speech supporting material as a story with a beginning, middle, and end |
| problem-solution pattern | an organizing pattern for a speech that describes an unsatisfactory state of affairs then proposes a plan to remedy the problem |
| space pattern | an organized planning in a speech that arranges points according to their physical location |
| statistics | numbers arranged or organized to show how a fact or principle is true for a large percentage of cases |
| testimony | supporting material that proves or illustrates a point by citing an authoritative source |
| time patterns | an organizing plan for a speech based on chronology |
| topic pattern | an organizing plan for a speech that arranges points according to logical types or categories |
| transitions | a phrase that connects ideas in a speech by showing how one relates to the other |
| working outline | a constantly changing organizational aid used in planning a speech |
| audience involvement | the level of commitment and attention that listeners devote to a speech |
| audience participation | listener activity during a speech; a technique used to increase audience involvement |
| bar charts | a visual aid that compares two or more values by showing them as elongated horizontal rectangles |
| clip intros | a brief explanation or comment before a visual aid is used |
| clip outros | a brief summary or conclusion after a visual aid has been used |
| clip wraparounds | a brief introduction before a visual aid is presented, accompanied by a brief conclusion afterward |
| column charts | a visual aid that compares two or more values by showing them as elongated vertical rectangles |
| description | a type of speech that uses details to create a "word picture" of something's essential factors |
| diagram | a line drawing that shows the most important components of an object |
| explanations | speeches or presentations that clarify ideas and concepts already known but not understood by an audience |
| flow chart | a diagram that depicts the steps in a process with shapes and arrows |
| information anxiety | the psychological stress of dealing with too much information |
| information hunger | audience desire, created by a speaker, to learn more information |
| informative purpose statement | a complete statement of the objective of a speech, worded to stress audience knowledge and/or ability |
| instructions | remarks that teach something to an audience in a logical, step-by-step manner |
| line chart | a visual aid consisting of a grid that maps out the direction of a trend by plotting a series of points |
| models | a replica of an object being discussed; it is usually used when it would be difficult or impossible to use the actual object |
| number charts | a visual aid that lists numbers in tabular form to clarify information |
| pie charts | a visual aid that divides a circle into wedges, representing percentages of the whole |
| signposts | a phrase that emphasizes the importance of upcoming material in a speech |
| sound bite | a brief recorded excerpt from a longer statement |
| visual aids | graphic devices used in a speech to illustrate or support ideas |
| word charts | a visual aid that lists words or terms in tabular form in order to clarify information |
| actuate | to move members of an audience toward a specific behavior |
| ad hominem fallacy | a fallacious argument that attacks the integrity of a person to weaken the person's position |
| anchor | the position supported by audience members before a persuasion attempt |
| argumentum ad populum fallacy | fallacious reasoning based on the dubious notion that because many people favor an idea, you should, too |
| argumentum ad verecundiam fallacy | fallacious reasoning that tries to support a belief by relying on the testimony of someone who is not an authority on the issue being argued |
| confirmation bias | the emotional tendency to interpret new information as reinforcing of one's existing beliefs |
| convince | a speech goal that aims at changing audience members' beliefs, values, or attitudes |
| credibility | the believability of a speaker or other source of information |
| direct persuasion | persuasion that does not try to hide or disguise the speaker's persuasive purpose |
| either-or fallacy | fallacious reasoning that sets up false alternatives, suggesting that if the inferior one must be rejected, then the other must be accepted |
| ethical persuasion | persuasion in an audience's best interest that does not depend on false or misleading information to include change in that audience |
| ethos | appeals based on the credibility of the speaker |
| fallacy | an error in logic |
| indirect persuasion | persuasion that disguises or deemphasizes the speaker's persuasive goal |
| latitudes of acceptance | in social judgment theory, statements that a receiver would not reject |
| latitudes of noncommitment | in social judgment theory, statements that a receiver would not care strongly about one way or the other |
| latitudes of rejection | in social judgment theory, statementst that a receiver would not accept |
| logos | appeals based on logical reasoning |
| pathos | appeals based on emotion |
| persuasion | the act of motivating a listener, through communication, to change a particular belief, attitude, value, or behavior |
| post hoc fallacy | fallacious reasoning that mistakenly assumes that one event causes another because they occur sequentially |
| propositions of fact | a claim bearing on issue in which there are two or more sides of conflicting factual evidence |
| propositions of policy | a claim bearing on an issue that involves adopting or rejecting a specific course of action |
| propositions of value | a claim bearing on an issue involving the worth of some idea, person, or object |
| reductio ad absurdum fallacy | fallacious reasoning that unfairly attacks an argument by extending it to such extreme lengths that it looks ridiculous |
| social judgment theory | the theory that opinions will change only in small increments, and only when the target opinions lie within the receiver's latitudes of acceptance and noncommitment |
| target audience | that part of an audience that must be influenced to achieve a persuasive goal |
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