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Stack #4318992
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which is a function of both the endocrine and nervous system? | Maintaining internal coordination |
| Sensory (afferent) neurons do which of the following? | Carry signals to spinal cord and brain |
| The brain and spinal cord are components of the Blank______ nervous system, while the nerves and ganglia are components of the Blank______ nervous system. | central, peripheral |
| Another term for sensory division is Blank______ division. | afferent |
| The somatic motor division carries information to which structure? | Skeletal muscle |
| Which two organ systems are primarily responsible for coordinating the other bodily systems so as to maintain homeostasis? | Endocrine System Nervous System |
| The nervous system plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. List, in order beginning at the top, the basic steps that describe how the nervous system carries out this task. | Information recieved by sensor receptors is transmitted to the CNS Information is processed and an appropriate response is determined A command is issued to effectors such as muscles or glands |
| What are the two major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system? | Central and peripheral nervous systems |
| The sensory division of the PNS is further subdivided into the sensory division which carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints, and sensory division, which carries signals from organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities | somatic, visceral |
| Taken together, the sensory and motor subdivisions make up which of the following? | Perpipheral nervous system |
| Which structures carry out commands from the central nervous system? | Muscles and glands |
| Ganglia are components of which division of the nervous system? | Peripheral nervous system |
| Together, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up the entirety of which division of the nervous system? | Visceral motor |
| Another term for sensory division is Blank______ division. | afferent |
| The sensory and motor divisions of the peripheral nervous system are further split into which two subdivisions? | Somatic and visceral |
| List the fundamental physiological properties of neurons. | Excitability, conductivity, secretion |
| Sensory, inter, and motor are the three classes of Blank______. | Neurons |
| The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the Blank______ division which tends to arouse the body for action and the Blank______ division which tends to have a calming effect. | sympathetic, parasympathetic |
| Which term is used to describe motor neurons because they send signals away from the CNS and out to muscle and gland cells? | Efferent |
| Choose all that are names for the cell body of a neuron. | Soma & Neurosoma |
| Which fundamental physiological property of neurons allows them to send signals quickly over long distances? | Conductivity |
| The processes of neurons that usually receive signals from other neurons are called | dendrites |
| Which is a function of both the endocrine and nervous system? | Maintaining internal coordination |
| Choose the three functional classes of neurons. | Motor neurons Interneurons Sensory neurons |
| Which term applies to the small swellings at the distal end of the axon of a neuron that contain synaptic vesicles? | Axon terminals |
| Motor, or ---- neurons carry signals away from the CNS and they lead to effectors (muscle and gland cells). | efferent |
| Choose all that are usually found inside the cell body (or soma) of a mature neuron. | Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria |
| The processes that branch from the somas of most neurons are called | dendrites |
| Multipolar neurons | One axon; multiple dendrites |
| Bipolar neurons | One axon; one dendrite |
| Unipolar neurons | A single process |
| Anaxonic neurons | No axon; multiple dendrites |
| Axon hillock | A mound located on one side of the soma from which the axon originates |
| Axoplasm | Cytoplasm of the axon |
| Axolemma | Plasma membrane of the axon |
| Axon collateral | Branch that originates from an axon |
| Neurons with numerous dendrites and a single axon are structurally classified as which of the following? | Multipolar |
| Which part of the neuron is indicated by the arrow labeled A? | Terminal arborization |
| Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, such as olfactory cells, certain neurons of the retina, and sensory neurons of the inner ear, are classified as which of the following? | Bipolar |
| Which term is used to describe motor neurons because they send signals away from the CNS and out to muscle and gland cells? | Efferent |
| Neurons with a single process extending from the soma, such as the neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord, are classified structurally as Blank______ neurons. | unipolar |
| Choose all that are names for the cell body of a neuron. | Neurosoma & Soma |
| Which type of axonal transport involves movement up the axon toward the soma? | Retrograde |
| The neurons indicated by a letter "A" are structurally classified as Blank______ neurons. The neurons indicated by a letter "B" are structurally classified as Blank______ neurons. | multipolar, bipolar |
| Which cells protect the neurons and help them function? | Neuroglia |
| The picture shows the most common structural type of neuron. It contains one axon and multiple dendrites, and it is classified as what type of neuron. | Multipolar |
| Which neuroglial cell is found in the peripheral nervous system? | Satellite cell |
| A neuron with one axon and one dendrite is structurally classified as a | bipolar |
| Which type of glial cell is indicated by the arrow labeled A? | Oligodendrocytes |
| Kinesin | Anterograde Transport |
| Dynein | Retrograde Transport |
| The glial cells that line cavities of the brain and spinal cord and secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid are | ependymal cells |
| What is the approximate ratio of glial cells to neurons? | 1:1 |
| Neuroglial cells that act as macrophages within the CNS are | microglia |
| Satellite Cells | In the PNS; surround somas of neurons in ganglia, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment of neurons |
| Schwann cells | In the PNS; form neurilemma around all PNS fibers and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers |
| Ependymal cells | In the CNS; line cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secrete and circulate CSF |
| Microglia | In the CNS; phagocytize microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue |
| Which glial cell insulates nerve fibers from extracellular fluids and speeds up signal conduction in the brain? | Oligodendrocyte |
| Neurons with a single process extending from the soma, such as the neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord, are classified structurally as Blank______ neurons. | unipolar |
| Choose all statements that are true about Schwann cells? | They assist in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers. They form the myelin sheath in the PNS. |
| Which glial cell produces and helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid? | Ependymal cells |
| The myelin sheath is composed mostly of which of the following? | Lipids and protein |
| Which neuroglial cell is found in the peripheral nervous system? | Satellite cell |
| Which term refers to the thick outermost coil of a Schwann cell? | the Neurilemma |
| Which type of glial cell produces the myelin sheath in the PNS? | Schwann cell |
| Which term refers to the segment of an axon between the axon hillock and the first glial cell? | Initial segment |
| The structure that consists of spiral layers of insulation around an axon is called a(n) | myelin sheath |
| An axon lacking a myelin sheath is said to be what? | Unmyelinated |
| Which type of glial cells in the central nervous system fight microorganisms and destroy foreign matter and dead nervous tissue? | Microglia |
| Which of the following would have the fastest conduction speed? | Large myelinated axon |
| Which term refers to the outermost layer of myelin, containing the nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell? | Neurilemma |
| Which type of glial cell aids in regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers by forming a regeneration tube to help reestablish the former connection? | Schwann cells |
| Which describes the location of the initial segment of an axon? | Between the axon hillock and first glial cell |
| Where are unmyelinated axons found? | In both the central and peripheral nervous systems |
| Choose all the factors that influence the speed of nerve signal conduction. | Diameter of axon Presence of myelin |
| Damaged nerve fibers in the CNS regenerate very fast whereas damaged nerve fibers in the PNS never regenerate. | False |
| Which term refers to the segment of an axon between the axon hillock and the first glial cell? | Initial segment |
| Unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS are enveloped in Schwann cells. | True |
| An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy? | Potential energy |
| The movement of charged particles like ions | Which best describes an electrical current/ |
| Which term refers to the voltage difference (electrical potential) across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is at rest and not engaged in electrical signaling? | Resting membrane potential |
| Which of the following contributes to the development of the resting membrane potential in neurons? | K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF. |
| Choose all of the following statements that are true about sodium? | Na+ is about 12 times as concentrated in the ECF as in the ICF. The resting plasma membrane is much less permeable to Na+ than to K+. |
| A difference in the concentration of charged particles between one point and another is called a(n) ----- potential | electrical |
| Which term refers to the flow of charged particles from one point to another? | Current |
| 1. Local potential depolarizes membrane 2. Threshold is reached 3. Depolarization spike | 4. Repolarization 5. Hyperpolarization |
| A negative membrane potential indicates which of the following? | The inside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside. |
| During which part of the action potential do most voltage-gated sodium channels open? | Depolarization |
| Which term refers to the period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be excited by a threshold stimulus? | Refractory period |
| For every 2 potassium ions that are pumped into the cell, how many sodium ions are pumped out? | 3 |
| Which term refers to decremental changes in electrical potential along a dendrite or the soma? | Local potentials |
| Where does saltatory conduction occur? | Along myelinated nerve fibers |
| The minimum amount of voltage needed to open voltage-gated channels on an axon is called what? | Threshold |
| At a synapse, the neuron that releases neurotransmitter is the Blank______ neuron. | presynaptic |
| Which action occurs first and leads to the repolarization of the cell membrane? | Movement of potassium to the outside of the cell membrane |
| Relative | The refractory period in which it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus is the Blank______ refractory period |
| In electrical synapses, electrical signals move quickly from cell to cell through which of the following? | Gap junctions |
| Continuous conduction occurs in what type of axon? | Unmyelinated only |
| In a chemical synapse, synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter are docked at release sites on the membrane of the presynaptic neuron, while neurotransmitter receptors are found on the membrane of the ------ | postsynaptic neuron |
| Saltatory conduction means which of the following terms? | "Leaping" |
| Choose all the statements that characterize neurotransmitters? | They bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell. They are released in response to stimulation. They are synthesized by presynaptic neurons. Need help? Review these concept resources. |
| At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the Blank______ neuron | postsynaptic |
| Aspartate is what type of neurotransmitter? | Amino acid |
| During which part of the action potential do most voltage-gated sodium channels open? | Depolarization |
| Which neurotransmitter is a catecholamine? | Epinephrine |
| Which are the sites of learning and memory? | Chemical synapses |
| All neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect. | False |
| In a synapse, where are synaptic vesicles located? | Axon terminal |
| Which term refers to a synapse that releases acetylcholine from the presynaptic axon terminal? | Cholinergic |
| Select all that are categories of neurotransmitters based on chemical composition. | Amino acids Acetylcholine Monoamines Neuropeptides |
| The neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA are examples of which of the following? | Amino acids |
| Choose all the neurotransmitters that are classified as monoamines. | Epinephrine Serotonin |
| Some neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on which of the following? | The type of receptors on the postsynaptic cell |
| At a GABA-ergic synapse, the postsynaptic receptor for the GABA neurotransmitter is which type of channel? | Chloride |
| A cholinergic synapse uses which of the following as its neurotransmitter? | Acetylcholine |
| Which cells of the central nervous system can absorb stray neurotransmitters? | Astrocytes |
| Choose all the statements that characterize neurotransmitters? | They bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell. They are released in response to stimulation. They are synthesized by presynaptic neurons. |
| Choose all the neurotransmitters that are classified as amino acids. | GABA Glutamate GABA Glutamate |
| Which neurotransmitter is a catecholamine? | Epinephrine |
| Which is the simplest neuromodulator? | Nitric oxide |
| GABA has an inhibitory effect on postsynaptic neurons because it does which of the following? | Opens chloride channels |
| Choose all that would cause postsynaptic stimulation to end. | Reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic knob Enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft Cessation of signals in the presynaptic nerve fiber Diffusion of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft into extracellular fluid |
| Select all that are categories of neurotransmitters based on chemical composition. | Neuropeptides Monoamines Acetylcholine Amino acids |
| The neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA are examples of which of the following? | Amino Acids |
| The ability of your neurons to process information, store and recall information, and to make decisions is called neural | intergration |
| Which alter synaptic transmission by adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters or by affecting the breakdown and/or removal of a neurotransmitter? | Neuromodulators |
| EPSPs and IPSPs are examples of what? | Postsynaptic potentials |
| When GABA is used, more chloride channels open which makes the inside of the cell what? | More negative |
| A voltage of about -70mV is an average --membrane potential of a typical neuron | resting |
| Stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron will end when nerve signals stop arriving at the presynaptic axon terminal or when which of the following occurs? | Neurotransmitter is removed from postsynaptic receptors. |
| Sodium ions flowing into a neuron cell membrane are most likely to produce what? | EPSPs |
| Molecules that are synthesized by a neuron and are released when a nerve signal reaches an axon terminal are called | transmitters |
| Which term describes the ability of neurons to process information, store and recall it, and make decisions? | Neural integration |
| There are two ways in which EPSPs can add up to produce enough activity to make a postsynaptic cell fire. They are temporal and spatial | summation |
| Neural integration is based on the combining together of which of the following? | Postsynaptic potentials |
| Which numerical value is most likely to be the resting membrane potential of a neuron? | -70 mV |
| Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are usually due to the entry of which type of ion? | Sodium |
| Choose all the statements that characterize neurotransmitters? | They are released in response to stimulation. They bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell. They are synthesized by presynaptic neurons. |
| This picture illustrates a phenomenon that occurs in the trigger zone when multiple postsynaptic potentials combine their effects on a cell to produce a response. What is it called? | Summation |
| What is neural coding called when it occurs in sense organs? | Sensory coding |
| When a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades, what is this process called? | Temporal summation |
| What is the role of neural pools in the CNS? | To process information |
| Sodium ions flowing into a neuron cell membrane are most likely to produce what? | EPSPs |
| Select all that are categories of neurotransmitters based on chemical composition. | Neuropeptides Acetylcholine Amino acids Monoamines |
| The nervous system must interpret quantitative and qualitative information about its environment, thus it converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials. This process is called neural | coding |
| The pathway of neurons within a neural pool is called its what? | Neural circuit |
| Different sensory receptors in the skin respond to different types of stimuli. The brain can infer the type of stimulus detected by which nerve fibers are activated. What is this called? | Labled line coding |
| A large collection of interneurons that function in one big ensemble is called a(n) ---- pool | neural |
| The type of circuit in which one input nerve fiber synapses with multiple postsynaptic neurons is a --- circuit | diverging |
| When do EPSPs usually occur? | When sodium channels open |
| The respiratory center of the brain receives input from other parts (i.e from receptors for blood chemistry in arteries and stretch receptors in the lungs) to set a pattern of breathing. This is an example of which type of circuit? | Converging |
| Which circuit is important in withdrawal reflexes? | parallel after-discharge circuit |
| Labeled line coding is based on the fact that each nerve fiber to the brain leads where? | A receptor that recognizes a specific type of stimulus |
| Which is true about synapses? | Synapses can be deleted or created in as little as 1 or 2 hours. |
| A single motor neuron stimulating hundreds of skeletal muscle cells is an example of which type of circuit? | diverging |
| Synaptic potentiation is a form of what? | Synaptic plasticity |
| The circuit in which several input nerve fibers synapse with fewer postsynaptic neurons is what type of circuit? | Converging circuit |
| How does a parallel after-discharge circuit differ from a reverberating circuit? | The parallel after-discharge circuit does not have a feedback loop. |
| Choose all that are the principal types of neural circuits. | Parallel after-discharge circuit Diverging circuit Converging circuit Reverberating circuit |
| Which type of memory is important as you read (e.g. remembering the previous words in a sentence)? | Immediate |
| The ability of synapses to change is called synaptic plasticity. Which term refers to the neuronal pathways formed during learning? | Memory traces |
| Looking up a new phone number and then dialing it from memory utilizes which type of memory? | Working memory |
| Why would the synapses of a memory trace undergo synaptic potentiation? | To allow easier signal transmission along pathway |
| Input from many neurons going to fewer and fewer neurons is an example of a(n) ---- circuit | converging |
| parallel after-discharge circuit | In what type of circuit does an input neuron diverge to stimulate several chains of neurons but each chain has a different number of synapses? Each chain then reconverges on one or a few output neurons. |
| The memory that is the ability to hold something in mind for just a few seconds is called | immediate |
| Short-term memory allows you to remember things for up to how long? | Hours |
| Synapses in a certain pathway can be modified to allow signals to travel more easily across "trained" synapses. Which term refers to the process of making transmission easier? | Potentiation |
| The rapid arrival of repetitive signals at a synapse is called --- stimulation | tetanic |
| The respiratory center of the brain receives input from other parts (i.e from receptors for blood chemistry in arteries and stretch receptors in the lungs) to set a pattern of breathing. This is an example of which type of circuit? | Converging |
| Calcium remains in the synaptic knob elevated and a later signal releases a large burst of neurotransmitter. | Memories lasting for a few hours, such as remembering what someone said to you earlier in the day may involve posttetanic potentiation. This occurs because of which of the following? |
| How does a parallel after-discharge circuit differ from a reverberating circuit? | The parallel after-discharge circuit does not have a feedback loop. |
| How long can long-term memory last? | Up to a lifetime |
| Reverberating | Immediate memory, which is the ability to hold something in mind for a few seconds, might be based on activity in which type of neural circuit? |
| Declarative and procedural memory are two types of what? | Long-term memory |
| Which type of memory allows you to remember things from up to a few hours ago? | Short-term |
| Which may be the basis for learning and long-term memory at the neuronal level? | Long-term potentiation |
| Tetanic stimulation at a synapse is due to accumulation of which of the following in the synaptic terminal? | Calcium |
| Memories lasting for a few hours, such as recalling an incident earlier in the day, may be due to which of the following? | Posttetanic potentiation |
| Alzheimer disease affects about what percentage of the US population over the age of 65? | 11% |
| Which type of memory can store the most information? | Long-term |
| Declarative memory is also called which of the following? | Explicit memory |
| Long-term potentiation may be involved in long-term memory. Choose all of the following that are molecular changes that occur in long-term potentiation. | Binding of glutamate to NMDA receptors Entrance of calcium into the dendrite The release of nitric oxide which triggers more glutamate release |
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Russells3709