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Exam 4 Biochem 507
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the hydrophobic AA? | FWY VAMPLIG |
| What are the hydrophillic AA? | STNQC DERKH |
| What is the 1st step of glycolysis? | Glucose to Glucose-6P via PHOSPHORYLATION (hexokinase) |
| What is the 2nd step of glycolysis? | Glucose-6P to Fructose-6P via ISOMERIZATION (phosphohexose isomerase) |
| What is the 3rd step of glycolysis? | Fructose 6P to Fructose-1,6-bisP via PHOSPHORYLATION (phosphofructokinase-1) |
| What is the 4ht step of glycolysis? | Fructose-1.6-bisP to DHAP + G3P via REVERSE ALDOL CONDENSATION (aldolase) |
| What is the 5th step of glycolysis? | DHAP to G3P via ISOMERIZATION (TIM) |
| What is the 6th step of glycolysis? | G3P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate via DEHYDROGENASE (G3P dehydrogenase) |
| What is the 7th step of glycolysis? | 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate via KINASE (phosphoglycerate kinase) |
| What is the 8th step of glycolysis? | 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate via MUTASE (phosphoglycerate mutase) |
| What is the 9th step of glycolysis? | 2-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) via ENOLASE (enolase) |
| What is the 10th step of glycolysis? | 2-phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate via KINASE (pyruvate kinase) |
| What are the products of glycolysis? | 2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 Pyruvate |
| What is imput into glycolysis? | 1 Glucose, 2 ATP |
| What is pyruvate used for? | Formation of NAD+ from citric acid cycle or fermentation |
| What cofactor does Yeast Fermentation use? | TPP |
| How many changes does Gluconeogenesis make to Glycolysis? | 3 (1,3,9 of glycolysis) |
| What is the 1st bypass of Gluconeogenesis? | pyruvate to PEP via PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE to form oxaloacetate and CARBOXYKINASE to form PEP |
| What cofactor is used in the 1st bypass step of Gluconeogeneosis? | Biotin |
| What is the 2nd and 3rd bypass of Gluconeogenesis? | PHOSPHOTASES to hydrolyze phosphate groups in the last two steps. |
| What does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway produce? | NADPH and Ribose-5-phosphate |
| What is NADPH used for? | Biosynthesis and repairing oxidative damage |
| What is Ribose-5-phosphate used for ? | RNA + DNA synthesis, coenzyme synthesis |
| What important component is invloved in the PPP? | G3PD, many have a deficiency, malaria resistance |
| Which lipids contain fatty acids? | storage lipids, membrane lipids |
| Which lipids do NOT contain fatty acids? | cholesterol + steroids, pigments, vitamins A,D,E,K |
| Which type of fatty acid is more common? | cis-fats |
| How does chain length affect solubility? | Higher chain length, lower solubility |
| How does chain length affect melting temp? | Higher chain length, higher melting temp |
| How do double bonds affect solubility? | More double bonds, higher solubility |
| How do double bonds affect melting temp? | More double bonds, Lower melting temp (less tight packing) |
| What are the building block of membrane lipids? | Glycerol or Sphingosine, 1 or 2 FA, PO4-Alcohol or PO4-Choline (Phospholipids) OR saccharide or saccharide-SO4 (Glycolipids) |
| What is a key feature of steroids? | 4 fused rings |
| What is the key feature of a micelle? | Head group > acyl side chain |
| What is the key feature of a membrane bilayer? | Head group = acyl side chain, double layered (leaflets), arcaheal membranes are joined |
| What is the key feature of a vesicle? | Head group = acyl side chain, occurs when a membrane bilayer folds on itself |
| What is uncatalyzed lateral diffusion of a membrane lipid? | The movement of a lipid within a leaflet |
| What is uncatalyzed transbilayer diffusion of a membrane lipid? | The movement of a lipid from one leaflet to another |
| What is a Flippase/Floppase? | Uses ATP to transfera a lipid from one leaflet to another |
| What is a Scramblase? | Switches two membrane lipids. |
| What is a monotopic integral protein? | An integral protein that only interacts with one leaflet of the membrane |
| What is a bitopic integral protein? | An integral protein that only crosses the lipid bilayer one time |
| What is a polytopic intergral protein? | An integral protein that crosses the lipid bilayer multiple times |
| What is the Hydropathy Index? | The favorablilty of an amino acid to be moved from a hydrophobic environment to water (hydrophillic amino acids will have a negative value) |
| What does it mean for the (delta)G to be < 0? | favorable |
| What do Ionophores do? | Passive Transport: carry charged molecules across a membrane |
| What do Ion Channels do? | Passive Transport: one gate either open of closed, non-saturable |
| What do Transporters do? | Passive Transport: two gates, saturable, high specificity |
| What are the two type of cotransporters? | Symporter, Antiporter |
| What is the charge outside of a cell? | Positive |
| What is the charge inside of the cell? | Negative |
| What is an example of primary active transport? | Na-K pump |
| What is an example of secondary active transport? | Lactose transporter |
| What does a + enthalpy (H) signify? | Endothermic |
| What does a - enthalpy (H) signify? | Exothermic |
| What does a + entropy (S) signify? | less ordered (favored) |
| What does a - entropy (S) signify? | more ordered (unfavored) |
| What is the 1st step of the Kreb's Cycle? | Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate to Citrate via CONDENSATION (citrate synthase) |
| What is the 2nd step of the Kreb's Cycle? | Citrate to Isocitrate vis ISOMERIZATION (aconitase) |
| What is the 3rd step of the Kreb's Cycle? | Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate via DECARBOXYLATION (isocitrate dehydrogenase) |
| What is the 4th step of the Kreb's Cycle? | a-ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA via DECARBOXYLATION (a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) |
| What is the 5th step of the Kreb's Cycle? | Succinyl-CoA to Succinate via HYDROLYSIS (succinyl-CoA synthase) |
| What is the 6th step of the Kreb's Cycle? | Succinate to Fumarate via OXIDATION (succinate dehydrogenase) |
| What is the 7th step of the Kreb's Cycle? | Fmarate to Malate via HYDRATION (fumarase) |
| What is the 8th step of the Kreb's Cycle? | Malate to Oxaloacetate via OXIDATION (malate dehydrogenase) |
| What is the 1st step in the metabolism of FAs? | Activation of FAs with CoA |
| What is the 2nd step in the metabolism of FAs? | Transport into Mitochodrial Matrix |
| What is the 3rd step in the metabolism of FAs? | Oxidation to Acetyl-CoA |
| What is the 4th step in the metabolism of FAs? (1st B-oxidation) | FA to trans-(delta)2-enoyl-CoA via DEHYDROGENATION (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) |
| What is the 5th step in the metabolism of FAs? (2nd B-oxidation) | trans-(delta)2-enoyl-CoA to L-B-hydroxy-acyl-CoA via HYDRATION (enoyl-CoA hydratase) |
| What is the 6th step in the metabolism of FAs? (3rd B-oxidation) | L-B-hydroxy-acyl-CoA to B-ketoacyl-CoA via OXIDATION (B-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) |
| What is the 7th step in the metabolism of FAs? (4th B-oxidation) | B-ketoacyl-CoA to acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA via THIOLYTIC CLEAVAGE (thiolase) |
| What is the 1st step in B-oxidation of odd-number FAs? | propionyl-CoA (+ CO2 + ATP)to D-methylmalonyl-CoA via CARBOXYLATION (propionyl-CoA carboxylase) |
| What is the 2nd step in B-oxidation of odd-number FAs? | D-methylmalonyl-CoA to L-methylmalonyl-CoA via EPIMERIZATION (methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase) |
| What is the 1st step in B-oxidation of odd-number FAs? | methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA via ISOMERIZATION (methylmalonyl-CoA mutase) |
| What is the 1st step of ketone body formation? | 2 acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA via (thiolase) |
| What is the 2nd step of ketone body formation? | acetoacetyl-CoA to HMG-CoA via (HMG-CoA synthase) |
| What is the 3rd step of ketone body formation? | HMG-CoA to acetoacetate via (HMG-CoA lysase) |
| What is the 4th step of ketone body formation? | acetoacetate to acetone via (acetoacetate decarboxylase) OR acetacetate to D-B-hydroxybutyrate via (D-B-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase) |
| What are the Ketogenic AAs? | FWYKILT |
| What are the Glucogenic AAs? (to pyruvate) | STAGCW |
| What are the Glucogenic AAs? (to a-ketoglutarate) | PERQH |
| What are the Glucogenic AAs? (to succinyl-CoA) | VITM |
| What are the Glucogenic AAs? (to fumarate) | FY |
| What are the Glucogenic AAs? (to oxaloacetate) | DN |
| What is the 1st step of the Urea cycle? | ornithine to citrulline via (OCTase) [in mitochodria] |
| What is the 2nd step of the Urea cycle? | citrulline + asparagine? to arginosuccinate [in cytoplasm] |
| What is the 3rd step of the Urea cycle? | arginosuccinate to fumarate + arginine via (arginosuccinate ligase) - releases fumarate to Kreb's cycle |
| What is the 4th step of the Urea cycle? | arginine to orhithine + urea via HYDRATION (arginase) |
| What are the two ways ETC starts? | NADH or Succinate |
| What is the e- carrier in ETC? | Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone or Ubiquinol) |
| What is the e- in the intermembrane space of the ETC? | Cytochrome C |
| How many protons are used for every 1 ATP? | 4 |
| What direction does ATP synthase turn? | counterclockwise |
| What component of the ATP synthase is targeted by oligomycin? | Fo (stops the rotation) |
| What is imput into the Krebs cycle? | 1 NADP+, 2 NAD+, CoASH, GDP+Pi, FAD, H2O |
| What is the output of the Krebs cycle? | 3 NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2 |
| What is the result of FA oxidation? | (per round) 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, 1 FADH2 |
| What is imput into the Urea cycle? | 3 ATP |
| What is the result of the Urea cycle? | excrete 2 N in form of Urea |
| What are the 5 cofactors used in the PDH? | TPP, Lipoic Acid, NAD+, FAD, CoASH |
| What is the result of the PDH? | 1 NADH, 1 acetyl CoA, 1 CO2 |
| TLC Tryptophan? | Trp |
| OLC Glycine? | G |
| TLC Glycine? | Gly |
| OLC Alanine | A |
| TLC Alanine? | Ala |
| OLC Serine | S |
| TLC Serine | Ser |
| OLC Threonine | T |
| TLC Threonine | Thr |
| OLC Methionine | M |
| TLC Methionine | Met |
| OLC Proline | P |
| TLC Proline | Pro |
| OLC Valine | V |
| TLC Valine | Val |
| OLC Leucine | L |
| TLC Leucine | Leu |
| OLC Isoleucine | I |
| TLC Isoleucine | Ile |
| OLC Phenylalanine | F |
| TLC Phenylalanine | Phe |
| OLC Tyrosine | Y |
| TLC Tyrosine | Tyr |
| OLC Glutamine | Q |
| TLC Glutamine | Gln |
| OLC Asparagine | N |
| TLC Asparagine | Asn |
| OLC Glutamte | E |
| TLC Glutamate | Glu |
| OLC Cysteine | C |
| TLC Cysteine | Cys |
| OLC Histidine | H |
| TLC Histidine | His |
| OLC Aspartate | D |
| TLC Aspartate | Asp |
| OLC Lysine | K |
| TLC Lysine | Lys |
| OLC Arginine | R |
| TLC Arginine | Arg |
| OLC Tryptophan | W |
| pKa of Histidine? | 6.0 |
| pKa of Tyrosine? | 10 |
| pKa of Lysine? | 10.5 |
| pKa of Arginine? | 12.5 |
| pKa of Aspartate? | 3.6 |
| pKa of Glutamate? | 4.2 |
| pKa of Cysteine? | 8.2 |
| If the pKa is higher than the pH... | protonated |
| If the pKa is lower than the pH... | deprotonated |
| What AA are nonpolar alkyl? | VAMPLIG |
| What AA are nonpolar aromatic? | FWY |
| What AA are hydrophillic uncharged? | STNQC |
| What AA are hydrophillic charged? | DERKH |
| pKa of the C-terminus? | 2 |
| pKa of the N-terminus? | 9 |
| Which AA have (+) side chains? | RKH |
| Which AA have (-) side chains? | DE |
| Which AA creates disulfide bonds? | Cysteine |
| Which tag signifies Ni-NTA chromatography? | 6x-His |
| What does Ion Exchange Chromatography use to seperate proteins? | Isoelectric Point |
| What type of curve signifies cooperative binding? | Sigmoidal |
Created by:
educhateau1