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Ap Bio Chpt:6,7,8
Ap Bio Chpt:6,7,8 chapter review for quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 parts of the nucleus | nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear membrane (envelope), |
| What are the 3 main parts of the cell | Plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm, nucelus |
| Functions of Chormatin | condenses to form chromosomes when the cell is preparing to divide to transfer genetic information |
| 3 parts of the cell theory | - Cells come from cells -Cell=smallest unit of life -All organisms are made of cells |
| What is Central Dogma? | -the universal flow of genetic information in living organisms, from DNA to RNA to protein |
| Explain the process of Central Dogma | involves the transcription of DNA into RNA, which then carries the genetic code to ribosomes to be translated into proteins |
| Where is DNA located in prokaryotes? | in the membrane-free region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid |
| Do prokaryotes have a cell wall? | yes, it is made of peptidoglycan (a combo of a sugar and protein) |
| Plasmids | circular molecules of DNA in prokaryotes -can be shared between prokaryotes using pilli (connecting structures) |
| What are the organelles of prokaryotes? | -ribosomes |
| Describe Eukaryotes | -have a membrane bound nucleus and other organelles -bigger than prokaryotic cells |
| Endomembrane system | A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. |
| What Organelles are in the Endomembrane system? | -Cytoplasm -Nucleus -lysosomes -Golgi Apparatus -ER -Nuclear envelope -vesicles between them |
| Nuclear envelope | -the boundary of the nucleus - has inner and outer membranes; both are made of a lipid bilayer |
| Golgi Apparatus | -modifies and sorts proteins and lipids produced by the ER -sorts between lipids and proteins -add carbohydrates to lipids and proteins -flatten sac surrounded by vesicles -makes lysosomes |
| Mitocondria | -have two membranes (a highly folded inner membrane and a outer membrane) -produce ATP via cellular respiration -in all eukaryotic cells -reproduce independently -have their own ribosomes |
| Chloroplasts | -energy producing organelle in plants that use sunlight to make energy -chlorophyll support this function -only found in plant and bacteria cells -have a double membrane |
| Chlorophyll | the green pigment located within the chloroplasts that absorbs light energy to start the process of photosynthesis |
| Turgor pressure | -the pressure exerted when water presses against the cell and the cell wall presses back -important for maintaining cell structure in plants |
| What are the advantages of light microscopes over tem and sem? | -light microscopes allow for live imaging of organelles and use color |
| What are electron microscopes? (EM) | microscopes that focus a beam of electrons through a device onto a surface |
| What is a scanning electron microscope (SEM)? | - a electron beam microscope that scans the surface of the specimen to create a 3d image |
| What is a transmission electron microscope (TEM)? | -a electron beam microscope that provides highly detailed images of a sample's internal structure |
| Why are electron microscopes better than light microscopes? | - It is because electron microscopes produce greater magnification and resolution (quality) for the images |
| Ribosomes | -translates RNA into proteins - |
| Flagella | -whip-like structures primarily for cell movement, - found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
| Cillia | -hair-like projections on eukaryotic cells used for movement of the cell -only in eukaryotes |
| Compare the organelles between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | - Organelles in Prokaryotes are often smaller and less complex than that of eukaryotes |
| What are the two major groups of prokaryotes? | Archea and bacteria |
| Nuclear pores | -channel-like structures in the nuclear envelope that control the transport of molecules in and out of nucleus -responsible for releasing RNA -made of proteins |
| The nucleus is connected to what organelle? | the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | - has a smooth and rough part -smooth=lipid production rough=protein production -surrounded by a single membrane -made up of tubules and flattened sacs |
| Lysosomes | -vesicles made by the Golgi apparatus - does digestion in the cell using enzymes -recycle organic compounds -used to conduct cell death |
| Nuclear envelope function | forming a double-membrane barrier that separates the genome from the cytoplasm, while also regulating the passage of molecules through nuclear pore |
| Thylakoid | -the flattened sacs within chloroplasts that contain pigments like chlorophyll that collect light -where ATP is made in plant cells |
| Cytoskeleton | -provides structural support and enables changes in cell shape and move -made of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments |
| Microtubules | -thick and provide structural support, - form centrioles which are used for cell division -help define cell shape and internal cell structure |
| Intermediate filaments | -provide mechanical strength, absorb tension, - most stable of the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton |
| microfilaments | thin actin polymers crucial for muscle movement |
| Cell wall | provides structural support, protection, and shape to cells0 -defend against turgor pressure (water pressure) to cell -in all eukaryotic cells but animal cells |
| As a object gets larger does volume or surface area increase faster? | surface area |
| A object that is larger has | a smaller surface area to volume ratio |
| A object that is smaller has | a bigger surface area to volume ratio |
| Is a smaller or larger surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) better for diffusion? | -a larger surface area: volume ratio due to how it proves it allows for a more efficient movement of material |
| Are bigger or smaller cells better for diffusion | - smaller cells due to how diffusion works best when substances don't travel far |
| Bulk flow | the movement of fluid due to pressure differences |
| Cell fraction | method of isolating different parts of a cell for a more detailed study |
| Describe Prokaryotes | -3 layers: cell membrane, cell wall and a capsule - one organelle: ribosome -have dna in circular form |
| Why is it important for organelles to be membrane bound? | -allows for specialization -creates extra surface area to perform functions |
| Why is ATP so good for energy | - its bonds can easily be broken apart and the energy that is released from them can be quickly absorbed |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Atopic cells | -cells that undergo cell death to make space for future structures |
| Peroxisomes | -break down fatty acids -detoxify cell -detoxifies alcohol and other poisonous materials -make peroxide |
| Vacoles | -a membrane sac full of "storage materials" - store water, ions, nutrients, and waste product -regulate turgor pressure which is important for maintaining cell structure |
| Central vacuole | -found in mature plant cells -storage -deposit metabolic byproducts -store pigments -store proteins and inorganic compounds |
| Cristae | -the folds of the inner membrane of the mitocondria |
| Mitocondria Matrix | fluid in the inner cavity of the mitocondria -contains DNA, free ribosomes and enzymes |
| Storma | -liquid inside inner membrane of the chloroplasts -contains DNA and ribosomes and enzymes -location of sugar production |
| Endosymbiosis | a theory that stated that mitocondria cells evolved from a nonphotosynthetic montiocondria cells by englufing a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell |
| Nucleolus | -made up of RNA |
| Chormatin | -made up of DNA and histoprotein -makes chromosomes |
| What are the two subunits of Ribosomes | large and small |
| Free ribosomes | -ribosomes that stay in the cytoplasm and make proteins |
| Allometry | changing shape when changing size |
| Isometry | maintaining the same shape but changing size |
| Smooth ER functions | -synthesizes lipids, fatty acids, cholesterol phospholipids, and steroids; -detoxifies drugs and toxins -vital to the maintain of many bilayer membranes |
| Centrosome | - made of microtubules and centrioles -region where microtubules are made -has a major role in cell division |
| Cholesterol | -a steriod lipid prevent phospholipid molecules in the membrane,from becoming too tightly packed together. This ensures that the membrane remains fluid, allowing proteins and other molecules to move in and out |
| Integral protein of lipid bialyer | -run through the entire bilayer |
| Peripheral proteins | associate with the lipid biplayer but don't run through it |
| Membrane receptors | -integral proteins that detect chemical signals from the external environment and transmit (or transduce) these signals into the cell to elicit a specific response. |
| Glycoproteins | -integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer with a carbohydrate attached to it - does cell to cell recognition by acting as identifying markers in places where cells are |
| Extra cellular matrix | -a network of connective proteins and proteoglycan molecules -involved in anchoring the cell and cell communication -provides structure and support to cell |
| Intracellular junctions | proteins that connect cells to other cells |
| Open junctions | provide anchorage and transportation of molecules across cells Ex: plasmodesmata and gap junctions |
| Closed junctions | -form water tight seal between adjacent cells -Example: Desmosomes (very stretchy) |
| Order of size for 3 parts of Cytoskeleton | - Microfilaments-> intermediate filaments->microtubules |
| Motor proteins | -that play crucial roles in cellular movement and transport. -use ATP to conduct mechanic force (used for pushing pulling materils) |
| Explain how vesicles move from organelle to organelle | -they bud of from their organelle, taking a piece of the membrane and material within it -they then fuse with another organelle or a membrane to unload their contents |
| Cytosol | the liquid component of the cytoplasm of a cell, which everything within the cell moves in |
| Cytoplasm | -contains everything within the cell ( organelles and cytsol) |
| Nucleus | -contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and serves as its control center -has chromosomes (carry genetic information) -has nucleolus, (RNA production) |
| Composition of cell membrane | -lipid bilayer -hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails -cholesterol in the middle to prevent or increase rigidness -proteins run throughout it |
| Cisternae | flatten membrane sacs in the golgi apparatus and ER -surrounded by vesicles that transport proteins and lipids from ER to golgi apparatus |
| Glycosylation | -process of attaching sugars to proteins and lipids -done by Golgi apparatus |
| Why is it important that sugars are linked to proteins and lipids | -protect them from enzyme (that can cause them to start a reaction) -allow for identification purposes as the proteins and lipids arrive at their destinations |
| Explain the acidity of lysosomes | -have a PH of 5 which is lower than the cell cytoplasm that has a PH of 7 -makes lysosomes more acidic which is good for breaking down molecules -enzymes within lysosomes cannot live within the cytoplasm, thus protecting the rest of cell |
| Rough ER function | -makes proteins using the ribosomes attached to it -makes enzymes for lysosomes |
| How are the mitocondria and chloroplasts similar | -both make energy in the cell -not part of endomembrane system -both consist of double membranes (interior and exterior) -both have their own DNA and ribosomes |
| How are the mitocondria and chloroplasts different | -Mitocondria do cellular respiration, chloroplasts do photosynthesis -Mitocondria are in all eukaryotic cells, Chloroplasts are not found in animal cells |
| Cellular respiration | - cells break down organic molecules, like glucose, to make ATP - uses glucose and oxygen to make ATP |
| Methods of eukaryotic cells increasing surface area | -membrane folding (forming structures like microvilli and villi), -make internal compartments (organelles) , -adopt elongated or flattened cell shapes |
| Grana | -groups of thylakoid ( structures used for photosynthesis in plant cells) -similar to the folds of the inner membrane of the mitocondria -increase surface area |
| Examples of Eukaryotic cells | animals, plants, fungi, and protists |
| Are viruses cells? | -no |
| Examples of prokaryotic cells | all bacteria and archaea |
| plasmodesmata | -intracellular junction of cell walls that allow molecules to pass through them |
| amyloplast | a structure in plant cells that stores and makes starch |
Created by:
KenechukwuIE