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OChem Defs/Naming
IB HL Chemistry/SCH 3U7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Catenation | Carbon's ability to form chains and rings. |
| Saturated | Compounds which contain only single bonds Ex. Alkanes |
| Unsaturated | Compounds which contain double or triple bonds Ex. Alkenes, arenes |
| Aliphatics | Compounds which do not contain a benzene ring; may be saturated or unsaturated Ex. Alkanes, alkenes |
| Arenes | Compounds which contain a benzene ring; all unsaturated |
| Electrophile (electron-seeking) | An electron-deficient species which is therefore attracted to parts of molecules which are electron rich. They are positive ions or have a partial positive charge. Ex. NO2(+), H(+), Br(δ+) |
| Nucleophile (nucleus-seeking) | An electron-rich species attracted to parts of molecules which are electron deficient. They have a lone pair of electrons and may also have a negative charge. Ex. Cl(-), OH(-), NH3(-) |
| Addition | Occurs when two reactants combine to form a single product. Ex. C2H4 +Br2 --> C2H4Br2 |
| Substitution | Occurs when one atom or group of atoms in a compound is replaced by a different atom or group. A characteristic of saturated and aromatic compounds. Ex. CH4 + Cl2 --> CH3Cl + HCl |
| Elimination | Occurs when a small molecule is lost from a larger compound. Usually results in the formation of a triple bond. Known as dehydration when H2O is eliminated. Ex. C2H5OH --> C2H4 + H2O |
| Addition-elimination (AKA: Condensation) | Occurs when two reactants join together (A) and a small molecule such as H2O, HCl or NH3 is lost (E). Occurs between a functional group in each reactant. Ex. RNH2 + R'COOH --> R'CONHR + H2O |
| Homolytic Fission | When a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of electrons. Produces two individual atoms with an unpaired electron. Ex. X : X --> X. + X. |
| Heterolytic Fission | When a covalent bond breaks with both the shared electrons going to one of the products. Produces two oppositely charged ions. Ex. X : X --> X:(-) + X(+) |
| Homologous Series | Families of compounds differing by a --CH2 group. Members of a homologous series share similar physical and chemical properties as a part of the same functional group and can be represented by the same general formula. |
| Functional Group | A small group of atoms attached to a carbon atom in a molecule, which gives characteristic properties to the compound. |
| Homologous series and boiling point | The longer carbon chains in successive members in a homologous series lead to an increasing boiling point as the #s of carbons increase. This is due to the increased temp. dipoles --> stronger vdW forces. Viscosity and density also increase with chains. |
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AzaanI
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