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Bio Chapter 9
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| two sets of a chromosome is known as | diploid |
| one set of chromosomes is known as | haploid |
| what is a self replicating structure of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes? | chromosome |
| what would you call a DNA molecule linked to an identical DNA molecule by a centromere | chromatid |
| A _______________is a chromosome that is the same length, has the centromere in the same location and carries the same sequence of genes as the chromosome from the other parent | homologous chromosome |
| what is the name of a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome | autosome |
| what is an X or Y chromosome called | sex chromosome |
| what do you call the site on a chromosome where a gene is located | locus |
| A segment of DNA that codes for a gene product is known as a ___________. | gene |
| An _________is an alternate form of a gene | allele |
| What genetic condition causes short stature, sexual underdevelopment, and infertility in females? | Turner syndrome (XO) |
| what genetic condition often causes sexual underdevelopment, long limbs, large hands and feet, and the development of breast tissue in males | Klinefelter (XXY) Syndrome |
| what genetic condition causes tall stature, acne, and problems with speech and reading in males | Jacobs (XYY) Syndrome |
| what genetic condition causes tall stature, menstrual irregularities, and an increased risk of giving birth to daughters with this disease or XXY sons. | Triplo-X (XXX) |
| what chromosomal rearrangement causes the chromosome to lose a segment | deletion |
| what chromosomal rearrangement causes an exchange of a section of one chromosome with another | translocation |
| what chromosomal rearrangement reverses the order of a set of genes | inversion |
| what chromosomal rearrangement repeats the sequence of a set of genes | duplication |
| what phase of meiosis replicates DNA | Interphase |
| what phase of meiosis does the DNA coil creating chromosomes, nucleus and nuclear envelope disappears, spindle apparatus appears, and the homologous chromosomes pair up. | Prophase I |
| what phase of meiosis do homologous pairs line up | metaphase I |
| what phase of meiosis do homologous pairs separate | anaphase I |
| what phase of meiosis does nucleus and nuclear envelope appears, spindle apparatus disappears, and cytokinesis occurs | telophase I |
| what phase of meiosis does the DNA coil creating chromosomes, nucleus and nuclear envelope disappears, spindle apparatus appears, and the chromosomes pair up | prophase II |
| what phase of meiosis do the chromosomes line up along the equator | metaphase II |
| what phase of meiosis do the centromeres split as sister chromatids separate to opposite poles | anaphase II |
| What phase of meiosis does nucleus and nuclear envelope appears, spindle apparatus disappears, and cytokinesis occurs | telophase II |
| Fungi, some protists, and certain plants produce _________ spores. | diploid |
| the spores undergo _______ to form haploid gametophytes that produce sperm and eggs. | mitosis |
| sporophytes are haploid or diploid | diploid |
| gametophytes are haploid or diploid | haploid |
| gametophytes undergo _______ to produce ________ | mitosis, gametes |
| sporophytes undergo ________ to produce________ | meiosis, spores |
| how many eggs does oogenesis produce | 1 egg |
| how many sperm does spermatogenesis produce | 4 sperm |
| A zygote of a ferret contains 40 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will the sperm contain | 20 |
| A zygote of a ferret contains 40 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in Anaphase II | 20 |
| A sperm cell of ferret contains DNA equal to 1X. How much DNA is found in prophase I | 2x |
| A sperm cell of ferret contains DNA equal to 1X. How much DNA is found in anaphase II | 4x |
| Many sets of triplets consist of a “pair and a spare,” that is, two identical babies and one nonidentical baby. Producing this arrangement requires ___ sperm and ___ eggs. | 2 sperm and 2 eggs |
| what produces two gametes with extra chromosomes and two gametes that are missing a chromosome. | primary nondisjunction |
| what produces one gamete with extra chromosomes and one gamete that is missing a chromosome. | secondary nondisjunction |
| Which two of the following processes are the most similar? Explain why. Mitosis/Meiosis I/Meiosis II | Mitosis and Meiosis II because they both deal with chromosomes pairing up and separating instead of homologous pairs which is what happened in Meiosis I |
| What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis? | Mitosis deals with chromosomes and only has one stage while meiosis is split into two stages, the one dealing with homologous pairs and the other dealing with chromosomes. |
| Which are more closely related-Monozygotic twins or Dizygotic twins? Explain why | Monozygotic twins because they are genetically identical and are produced by mitosis. |
| Random orientation of homologous chromosomes occurs in _________blank of meiosis. | metaphase I |
| A cell that has four pairs of chromosomes is undergoing meiosis. What is the number of possible chromosome combinations in the gametes produced by that cell? | 16 |
| Consider a cell that has three pairs of chromosomes. What fraction of the gametes produced from this cell will contain only chromosomes inherited from the mother? | 1/8 |
| Centromeres divide a. mitosis and meiosis I b. meiosis II only c. meiosis I and II d. mitosis, meiosis I and 2 e. mitosis and meiosis 2 | mitosis and meiosis II |
| What describes meiosis II in humans? a. haploid to haploid b. diploid to diploid c. haploid to diploid d. diploid to haploid e. triploid to diploid | haploid to haploid |
| How are diploid cells, homologous chromosomes, and alleles related? | Diploid cells have homologous pairs of chromosomes., which carry out the same genes as one another but not necessarily the same alleles |
| Individuals have ________chromosomes in haploid cells. | 12 |
| When two haploid gametes combine, a zygote with ___________ chromosomes forms. | 24 |
| Suppose errors in meiosis produced diploid gametes in two individuals that then mated. After fertilization, each offspring from this mating would have __________chromosomes in its somatic cells. | 48 |
| How are gametes, chromosomes, and zygotes related? | Gametes unite, forming zygotes with two sets of chromosomes |
| how many sets of chromosomes do human cells contain | 23 |
| what shows all of the chromosomes from a diploid human cell | karyotypes |
| what do you call a cell with more than 2 sets of chromosomes | polyploid |
| true or false: homologous sets of chromosomes carry same sets of genes in same position and same order | true |
| where does crossing over occur | prophase I |
| what is it called when 2 homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange pieces | crossing over |
| what causes down syndrome | extra copy of chromosome #21 |
| Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction | Sexual reproduction involves two organisms, one male and one female while asexual reproduction only needs one organism. The offspring from asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent and the offspring from sexual reproduction are diverse. |
| Explain why sexual reproduction is often advantageous for evolution of a species. | Sexual reproduction is advantageous for evolution because the diversity it brings. There is enough variety that a species could evolve and adapt to different circumstances. |
| Describe the arrangement of chromosomes in a human diploid cell. | A human diploid cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one chromosome from each pair being from the mother and the other the father. This results in 46 chromosomes, 22 autosomal, and one set of sex chromosomes |
| What characteristics are shared between homologous chromosomes? | same length, has the centromere in the same location and carries the same sequence of genes as the chromosome from the other parent |
| What characteristics are not shared between homologous chromosomes? | The genes are in the same place, but have different alleles. |
| Describe the key event that distinguishes meiosis from mitosis | Crossing over occurs in prophase I of meiosis |
| Compare and contrast the products of meiosis between flowering plants and animals. | Meiosis in animals directly produces gametes like the egg and sperm while meiosis in flowering plants produces sporophytes which develop into gametophytes which then produce gametes |
| what is independent assortment | different genes separate independently during the process of meiosis |
| Compare and contrast the genetic makeup of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. | Monozygotic twins are genetically identical to each other as they are produced through mitosis, while dizygotic twins have unique DNA and require two sperm to fertilize. |
| Describe in general the development of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. | Monozygotic twins are developed through the process of mitosis while dizygotic twins are developed through the process of meiosis |
| Define nondisjunction | Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate properly |
| Compare and contrast the gamete outcome after primary and secondary nondisjunction. | Primary nondisjunction produces two cells with too many chromosomes and two cells with not enough chromosomes Secondary nondisjunction produces one cell with too many chromosomes and one cell with not enough chromosomes and two with the right amount. |
| meiosis does not include a. gamete formation b. production of diploid cells c. two cell division phases d. interkenesis | production of diploid cells |
| which description of meiosis is INCORRect a. centromeres divide & chromatids separate in anaphase II b. crossing over occurs during prophase I c. homologous chromosomes line up in metaphase II d. haploid cells are produced after meiosis II | homologous chromosomes line up in metaphase II |
| during meiosis II in humans a. each cell containing 46 chromatids yields 2 cells, each w/ 23 chromosomes b. each cell containing 92 chromatids yields 4 cells, each w/ 23 chromosomes c. each cell produced after meiosis contains 23 pairs of homo. chromos | each cell containing 46 chromatids yields 2 cells, each w/ 23 chromosomes |
| _________reproduction takes less energy than ________ reproduction. The simpler method of reproduction results in _______ genetic diversity | asexual, sexual, less |
| in plants _______ produces _______ spores | mitosis, diploid |
| the sex chromosomes aneuploidy that often includes sexual underdevelopment, long limbs, large hands and feet, and some development of breast tissue is | Klinefelter's syndrome |
| if DNA concentration in a sperm cell is 1X, how much DNA is found in Anaphase II | 2x |
| what does meiosis result in | 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cells |
| seperation of homologous chromosomes is to prophase 1 as _______is to prophase II a. seperation of homologous chromosomes b. seperation of sister chromatids c. haploid d. diploid | seperation of sister chromatids |
| which even is not part of prophase II a. chromatin coils to form chromosomes b. nuclear envelope is absorbed by the endoplasmic reticulum c. homologous chromosomes form pairs d the spindle apparatus forms | homologous chromosomes form pairs |
| when contrasting sexual and asexual reproduction, asexual reproduction typically produces a. genetically identical organisms/cells b. genetically diverse organisms c. haploid spores through the process of mitosis d. four genetically identical gametes | a. genetically identical organisms/cells |
| There is (are) ______ in a (n) __________ a. two sets of chromosomes; a diploid cell b. four pairs of sister chromatids; nonhomologous pair of chromosomes c. two identical strands of DNA; homologous pair of chromosomes | a. two sets of chromosomes; a diploid cell |
| homologous chromosomes a. are 2 identical strands of DNA held together by a single centromere b. contain the same genes c. have identical alleles d. have different lengths e. more than one are correct | b. contain the same genes |
| During the human life cycle, different types of cells found in tissues a. are produced by meiosis b. are genetically diverse c. are genetically identical but express different genes d. are produced by mutation | c. are genetically identical but express different genes |
| During the life cycle of a fern, ____ produces ________ and _______produces _______ a. meiosis; gametes; mitosis; spores b. sperm & egg; gametophytes; spores; sporophytes c. meiosis; spores; mitosis; gametes d. gametophytes; spores; sporophytes; gamet | c. meiosis; spores; mitosis; gametes |
| monozygotic twins a. began as 1 person that separated into 2 b. are produced from 1 egg and 2 sperm c. are gentically diverse d. are as closely related as any other pair of siblings | a. began as 1 person that separated into 2 |
| Human life begins a. once a zygote is formed b. once a heartbeat is detected c. once a fetus is viable outside the uterus d. once a baby takes its first breath | a. once a zygote is formed |
| how many chromatids are in a human cell during metaphase I | 92 |
| compared to other forms of reproduction, the unique feature of sex is a. the ability of a cell to divide b. the production of offspring c. the ability to generate new genetic combinations d. the ability to produce rare genetic mutants | c. the ability to generate new genetic combinations |
| Trisomy 21 is also called a. Kleinfelter's syndrome b. down syndrome c. Turner's syndrome d. XO | b. down syndrome |
| Meiosis results in a. two unique diploid cells b. two identical haploid cells c. four identical diploid cells d. four unique haploid cells | d. four unique haploid cells |
| which does NOT contribute to diversity among offspring from 2 parents? a. random fertilization b. crossing over c. independent assortment during metaphase I d. cytokinesis | d. cytokinesis |
| for a trait controlled by a single gene, there are _____ ______ genotypes & ________ _________ genotype(s) a. 2 heterozygous; 1 homozygous b. 2 homozygous; 1 heterozygous c. 3 dominant; 1 recessive d. 2 recessive; 2 dominant | b. 2 homozygous; 1 heterozygous |
Created by:
hbhull05