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ap pysch chap. 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| unconditioned positive regard | Roger's construct referring to the individual's need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of the person's behavior. |
| conditions of worth | the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others. |
| trait theories | theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses. |
| big five factors of personality | the 5 broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality: neuroticism (emotional instability), extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. |
| personological and life story perspectives | theoretical views of personality stressing that the way to understand the person is to focus on the person's life history and life story. |
| personality | a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way on individual adapts to the world. |
| archetypes | Jung's term for emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people. |
| individual psychology | Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that are perfection, not pleasure, is the key motivator in human life. |
| humanistic perspectives | Theoretical views of personality that stress a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities. |
| collective unconscious | Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past. |
| Oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother. |
| subjective well-being | a person's assessment of their own level of positive affect relative to negative affect and an evaluation of their life in general. |
| type D behavior pattern | a cluster of characteristics - including being generally distressed, having negative emotions, and being socially inhibited-related to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. |
| Type B behavior pattern | a cluster of characteristics - including being relaxed and easy going, related to a lower incidence of heart disease. |
| Type A behavior pattern | a cluster of characteristics - including being excessively competitive, hard-driven impatient, and hostile - related to a higher incidence of heart disease. |
| Thematic apperception test (tat) | a projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about a individual's personality. |
| Rorschach inkblot test | a famous projective test that uses individual's perception of inkblots to determine their own personality. |
| Projective test | a personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it - to project their own meaning onto the stimulus. |
| face validity | the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring. |
| Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory | the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self- report personality test. |
| Empirically keyed test | a type of self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way. |
| behavioral geneitcs | the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics. |
| self -report test | a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits, also called an objective test or an inventory. |
| cognitive affective processing systems | Mischel's theoretical model for describing how individuals' thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world affect their behavior and become linked in ways that matter to that behavior. |
| self- efficacy | the belief that one can accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change. |
| social cognitive perspectives | theoretical views of personality emphasizing the influence of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals. |
| psychodynamic perspectives | theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness). |
| superego | the Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior, what we often call conscious. |
| id | the Freudian structure of personality consisting of unconscious drives, the individual's reservoir of sexual energy. |
| ego | the Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality. |
| defense mechanisms | the Freudian term for tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |
Created by:
Sophclaire