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APes test 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The layer of earth | lithosphere(crust), asthenosphere(upper mantle), mesosphere(lower mantle), outer core, inner core |
| convergent plate boundaries | plates pushing towards each other, typically causes volcanoes, releases magma, may cause earthquake |
| divergent plate boundaries | plates are moving away from each other, may have ridges(in ocean) or volcanes(create mountain range), cause seafloor spreading, may cause earthquake less frequently |
| transform or strike/slip boundary | slide past each other and cause friction, not many ridges or volcano but more active shallow earthquake, |
| different plates | plates can have multiple boundary type continental are less dense, "floats" higher which can lead to different formation like: volcano, trenches, island arcs, earthquakes, etc. |
| earthquake formation | occurs at plate boundaries/fault lines (sliding right pass each other) fault lines lock up and build up stress (like a rubber band) |
| subduction zone | region on Earth's surface where two tectonic plates collide, and one plate, usually an oceanic plate, is forced beneath another plate, |
| ring of fire | horseshoe-shaped area around the edges of the Pacific Ocean basin, known for its high volcanic and seismic activity. |
| tectonic plate consequences | plates breaks surface, leading to volcano activity hotspots of volcano and earthquake and cause tsunami |
| tsunami | underground/water earthquake caused when plates slide past each other (since that's what causes the most earthquake) leads to destroy habitat, drown species, uproots trees, etc. |
| hot spots | locations in the Earth's mantle where unusually hot, buoyant magma rises towards the crust. These spots are not necessarily at plate boundaries but occur due to mantle plumes (create volcanoes) |
| soil formation | when parent material is weathered(mechanical breakdown of rocks), transported and deposited |
| factors in soil formation | type of parental material climate: avg temp and moisture change rate of weathering and leeching topography: slope of land may affect erosion biological factor time: soil formation is continous |
| soil horizons | O- organic matter (recently decomposed stuff) A- surface horizon (minerals and organic, hummus, vital for plant roots, nutrients) B-subsoil(accumulates minerals like iron, aluminum, and clay, some parent mats) C- substrata (weathered parent rock) |
| soil erosion factor | water, wind, gravity(topography), human factors(contamentation) |
| human erosion factor | deforestation: no roots to hold down soil and replaced with bad plants (weak root) pasturation: lead to topsoil to erode away increase by wind/water pesticide/fertilizer: change chemistry of soil tilling: prevent top layer soil from acc organic mats |
| sheet erosion | surface layer gets removed by water solution: maintain plant cover |
| rill erosion | small channel of water flow that will get bigger (tilling) solution: strip cropping or contour plowing (allowing some weeds to grow) |
| gully erosion | wide cuts from rill erosion solution: divert water away from rill and gullies |
| 3 main soil particles | sand, silt, clay most soil are a combination of 3 large to small size: sand, silt, clay |
| water holding capacity | large particle allow water pass through better (sand) |
| soil composition triangle | loam: combination of all three know how to read it not memorize it |
| soil assessments | chemical: nitrogen(nitrate, phosphorus(phosphate), pH(acidity) physical: soil composition, water holding capacity biological: earthworm, bacteria, microbe |
| chemical soil assessments | chemical allow for plants to and animals to thrive addition of fertilizer can increase nutrient: N, P, K some fertilizer and increased rainfall can increase acidity |
| physical soil assessments | soil composition percolation: movement of water into the ground infiltration: movement of ions or chemicals through percolation (how they move with water) |
| biological soil assessment | bacteria, archaea, fungi, burrow animals, etc. |
| composition of atmosphere | mix of different gases: 78% N, 21% O2, 1% everything else(CO2, Ar, etc.) |
| Layer of atmosphere | exosphere: temp drops outter space thermosphere: receives UV radiation so temp rises mesosphere: temp drops again due to thinning atmosphere stratosphere: rise in temp due ozone formation troposphere: weather, wind, decrease in temp towards strato |
| global wind pattern | earth's atmosphere help by gravity earth rotate, air circulate heating and cooling change the density of the air (convection) |
| convection | large-scale circulation of air in the Earth's atmosphere, where warm air rises near the equator and cool air sinks near the poles, creating distinct cells that redistribute heat and moisture around the planet |
| Coriolis effect | a long with heat, earth rotate and it deflects the wind as well, making the patter of heat slanted |
| predictability of wind patterns | exchange of heat and coriolis effects create predictable patterns this creates ecosystems around the globe resulted from these exchange of heat (ex: tundra near the poles, tropical weather at equator) |
| warm air vs. cold air | warm is less dense, cold is dense |
| insolation | incoming solar radiation solar radiation/area (solar radiation doesn't change, the area change ) angle of incidence decreases moving to the poles, increasing area of incidence, decreasing insolation (meaning colder) |
| tropic of cancer vs. Capricorn | line marks the northernmost vs. southernmost point where the sun can be directly overhead at noon |
| season in northern hemisphere | vernal equinox(march): roughly same hr of sunlight summer solstice(June):more hr of sunlight autumnal equinox(September): winter solstice(december: fewest hr of sunlight (tilt) southern hemisphere is a mirror image, equinox same, solstice swap |
| land | low specific heat(amount of energy it takes to increase temp) + no mobility(soil can't move, it can't have cooler soil come in) = quick temperature increase |
| body of water | high specific heat + high mobility(water moves around, cool water replace warm) = slower temp increase |
| coastal area in combination with land and water temp changes | stabilized the temp there due to ocean able to take away some of land's heat and also give humidity |
| ocean currents and land temp | depending on warm or cold current near the coast, it could affect the temperature on land. ex: canada and england |
| trade winds | steady, persistent winds that blow from east to west in the tropical regions between approximately 30° latitude north and south of the Equator. |
| rain shadow effect | ocean breeze towards mountain, take in moisture, condenses at the mountain top and turn into rain at the *windward side*(more vegetation) thus *leeward* side, hot dry air down the mountain and takes up moisture from the ground (very dry) |
| ENSO | event of El nino and la nina (3-7 years) location: Pacific ocean between Australia and SA (tropical southern hemisphere) |
| upwelling | a process in which deep, cold water rises toward the surface, increase nutrient |
| La nina | strong trade wind, ocean current follows in warm water towards Australia side, cold water towards SA increase weather, flooding, bad fishing for W(Australia) upwellings-> good fishing E(Canada) |
| El nino | weak trade wind, ocean current reverse warm water layered on top, suppressing cold water increase upwelling at W (Australia) increase weather event at E(SA), some upwelling |
| El nino and La nina on global | El nino to NA will increase temp in like CA and decrease temp towards Atlantic opposite for la nina |
Created by:
Akai