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My CGSC Study Set
This is study set based on cognitive science terms and concepts.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is cognitive science? | It is an interdisciplinary study of cognition. It examines the nature and the functions of cognition in a broad way. |
| What are the disciplines involved in cognitive science? | - Psychology - Neuroscience - Linguistics - Philosophy - Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence (AI) - Anthropology |
| What is cognition? | It is a term referring to internal mental processes that work inside your brain. Some of the many different internal mental processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving, language, imagination, perception, and planning. |
| What is hot cognition? | It refers to mental processes in which emotion plays a role, such as reward-based learning. |
| What is cold cognition? | It refers to mental processes that don't involve emotions, such as working memory. |
| What is attention? | It is a cognitive process that allows people to focus on a specific stimulus or multiple stimuluses in an environment. |
| What is language? | It is a cognitive process that involves the ability to understand and express thoughts through spoken and written words. This allows us to communicate with others and plays an important role in thought. |
| What is thought? | It allows people to engage in decision-making, problem-solving, and higher reasoning. It is an essential part of every cognitive process. |
| What is leaning? | It is a cognitive process of acquiring new information and behaviors. It requires cognitive processes involved in taking in new things, synthesizing information, and integrating it with prior knowledge. |
| What is perception? | It is a cognitive process that allows people to take in information through their senses, then utilize this information to respond and interact with the world. |
| What is memory? | It is an important cognitive process that allows people to encode, store, and retrieve information. It is a critical component in the learning process and allows people to retain knowledge from their personal histories and the world. |
| What is short term memory? | It is a type of memory that is responsible for the temporary storage of information. |
| What is long term memory? | It is a type of memory that is responsible for the storage of information for an extended period of time. |
| What is explicit memory? | It's a type of long-term memory that involves information that you have to consciously have to work to remember. |
| What is episodic memory? | It is a type of long-term memory and explicit memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences that occurred at a particular time and place in the past. |
| What is semantic memory? | It is a type of long-term memory and explicit memory that involves the person's ability to recall words, facts, concepts, numbers, etc. This type of memory is essential for the use and understanding of language. |
| What is implicit memory? | It's a type of long-term memory that involves information that you remember unconsciously and that is known effortlessly. |
| What is procedural memory? | It is a type of long-term memory and implicit memory that involves the unconscious remembrance of performing different actions and skills. |
| What is priming? | It is a type of long-term memory and implicit memory where exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences your response to a later stimulus, without intentional or conscious awareness. |
| What is sensory memory? | It is a brief storage of information that allows a person to process and recall the sensations that they take in. The sensations that are memorized are hearing, vision, touch, smell, and taste. This type of memory is transferred to short-term memory. |
| What is iconic memory? | It is a type of sensory memory that stores images for a fraction of a second. It allows people to visualize an image after the physical stimulus is no longer present. It is how the brain remembers an image you have seen in the world around you. |
| What is echoic memory? | It is a type of sensory memory that registers and temporarily holds auditory information (sounds) until it is processed and comprehended. This sensory store can retain a great amount of auditory information for a brief period of 3 to 4 seconds. |
| What is haptic memory? | It is a type of sensory memory that is related to your sense of touch. It allows a person to process and recall types of touch sensations like pressure, pain, itching, or something that feels good. |
| What is olfactory memory? | It is a type of sensory memory that is related to smell. It allows a person to process and recall types of odors that were smelled. |
| What is gustatory memory? | It is a type of sensory memory that is related to taste. It allows a person to process and recall types of foods that were tasted. |
| What is working memory? | It involves the temporary storage of information that is being mentally manipulated. It manipulates and prioritizes information, some of which can subsequently become long-term memory. |
| What is context / state-dependent memory? | It is the ability to recall emotional, social, spatial, or temporal details better when the encoding and retrieval contexts match, helping bring memories, ideas, or skills to mind more easily. |
| What is eidetic memory? | It is the ability to recall an image from memory with high precision—at least for a brief period of time—after seeing it only once and without using a mnemonic device. |
| What is encoding? | It is the 1st step in creating a memory during the learning and memory process. It is the process of acquiring information from an environment and converting it into a form that can be stored in memory. |
| What is acoustic encoding? | It is a type of encoding that involves using auditory cues to store information. It includes linking sound characteristics such as pitch and frequency to the data being stored. |
| What is semantic encoding? | It is a type of encoding that involves using meaning or context of words to store information. Us, humans, store the meaning along with the term, date, or concept to make it more memorable. |
| What is visual encoding? | It is a type of encoding that involves using visual cues to store information. It is the encoding of images that you see every day. |
| What is tactile encoding? | It is the type of encoding that refers to the process of storing information based on how something feels. It usually occurs through touch, but it can also occur with smells or tastes. |
| What is elaborative encoding? | It is a type of encoding that involves a person connecting new information to prior knowledge in order to remember it. |
| What is organizational encoding? | It is a type of encoding that involves organizing received information into groups or categories. |
| What is encoding specificity? | It is a principle that states that human memories are more easily retrieved if external conditions (emotional cues) at the time of retrieval are similar to those in existence at the time the memory was stored. |
| What is an encoding error? | It is a memory error that occurs when information is transmitted, stored, or retrieved inaccurately. It can take many forms depending on the context in which it occurs. |
| What is storage? | It is the 2nd step in creating a memory during the learning and memory process. It is the process of retaining information in the brain. |
| What is retrieval? | It is the 3rd and final step in creating a memory during the learning and memory process. It is the process of retrieving information from the long-term memory storage system. |
| What is recalling? | It is one of the ways you can retrieve information from your memory. It is a term referring to calling out information from your memory. |
| What is recognition? | It is one of the ways you can retrieve information from your memory. It is a term referring to the process of matching a given fact or concept with one fact or concept already in your memory. |
| What is relearning? | It is one of the ways you can retrieve information from your memory. It is a term referring to learning information that you previously learned again. |
| What are heuristics? | They are mental shortcuts or rule-of-thumb strategies that help people make quick, efficient decisions without overthinking every step, simplifying problem-solving and daily judgments. |
| What is an availability heuristic? | It is a type of heuristic that involves making decisions based upon on immediate examples that come to mind. |
| What is a familiarity heuristic? | It is a heuristic where people prefer familiar things over new ones, often choosing what they know—even if a new option offers more benefits—due to comfort with past experience. |
| What is a representativeness heuristic? | It is a type of heuristic that involves a person categorizing a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs about the scenario. |
| What is an affect heuristic? | It is a type of heuristic that involves a person making choices that are influenced by the emotions that an individual is experiencing at that moment. |
| What is a complex heuristic? | It is a heuristic that uses multiple cues or strategies to solve complex problems, helping people make efficient decisions when situations are uncertain, information is incomplete, or time is limited. |
| What is trial and error? | It is a type of heuristic in which a person uses a number of different strategies to solve something until they find what works. |
| What is scarcity? | It is a principle in heuristics in which we view things that are scarce or less available to us as inherently more valuable. |
| What are algorithms? | They are step-by-step instructions that lead to predictable, reliable outcomes. |
| What is a bias? | It is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. |
| What is an explicit bias? | It is a type of bias that you are aware of and act with intent. |
| What is the conformation bias? | It is type of bias where a person has the tendency to seek out information that supports something that they already believe. |
| What is an anchoring bias? | It is a bias where people rely too much on the first information received, using it as an anchor for later judgments, which can help or hinder decision-making by overshadowing new information. |
| What is hindsight bias? | It is a bias where people perceives events as more predictable after they occur, overestimating their ability to have predicted the outcome despite lacking the necessary information beforehand. |
| What is an actor-observer bias? | It is a type of bias where a person has the tendency to attribute their own behavior to situational causes and attribute others' behaviors to their own behaviors. |
| What is self-serving bias? | It is a type of bias where a person has the tendency to give themselves credit for successes but blame failures on outside causes. |
| What is the optimism bias? | It is a type of bias that causes a person to overestimate the likelihood of positive events and underestimate the likelihood of negative events. |
| What is the pessimism bias? | It is a type of bias that causes a person to overestimate the likelihood of negative events and underestimate the likelihood of positive events. |
| What is a cultural bias? | It is a type of bias where a person has the tendency to favor or judge people based on their cultural background. |
| What is a status quo bias? | It is a type of bias where a person chooses to maintain one's current situation and oppose actions that may change the state of affairs. |
| What is an in-group bias? | It is a type of bias where a person is more likely to support or believe someone within their own social group than an outsider. |
| What is a decline bias? | It is a type of bias refers to the tendency to compare the past to the present, leading to the decision that things are worse, or becoming worse in comparison to the past, simply because change is occurring. |
| What is an information bias? | It is a type of bias where a person seeks information when it does not affect action, even though less information may lead to better choices. |
| What is a selection bias? | It is a type of bias when an individual notices a thing more when something else happens that makes the person notice that particular thing more. |
| What is egocentric thinking? | It is a type of bias where a person has the inability to see a situation or event from another person's point of view and views everything from their own point of view, which can lead to a lack of empathy for others. |
| What is a fundamental attribution error? | It is a type of bias where observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors. |
| What is framing? | It is a type of bias where an individual's choice and preferences are influenced by how the information is presented to them. |
| What is a functional fixedness? | It is a type of bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used. The person's brain is used to thinking of a particular thing in a specific way, which limits their ability to think of it in a new or innovative way. |
| What is an effect? | It is an observed pattern or phenomenon where a specific factor, condition, or action consistently influences behavior, performance, or perception, often identified and named through psychological or scientific research. |
| What is The Dunning-Kruger Effect? | It is a type of effect where a person overestimates or underestimates their own abilities or knowledge. |
| What is the testing effect? | It is a type of effect where retrieving information from memory—such as through quizzes, practice tests, or self-testing—improves long-term retention more effectively than simply re-reading or reviewing the material. |
| What is the misinformation effect? | It is a type of effect where a person will misremember an event after exposure to subtle misinformation. |
| What is the false consensus effect? | It is a type of effect where a person overestimates how much other people agree with their own beliefs, behaviors, attitudes, and values. |
| What is the halo effect? | It is a type of effect where an initial impression of a person influences what someone thinks of them overall. |
| What is the ambiguity effect? | It is a type of effect where people tend to avoid options with unknown or uncertain probabilities in favor of choices where the odds are known—even if the uncertain option could lead to a better outcome. |
| What is the audience effect? | It is a type of effect where a person's behavior is influenced by the presence of other people. |
| What is The Baader-Meinhof Effect? | It is a type of effect where a person notices something more often after noticing it for the first time. This occurs when we learn something new, and this new thing appears more frequently, but in reality, it's only our awareness of it that has increased. |
| What is The Barnum Effect? | It is a type of effect where a person believes that personality descriptions specifically apply to them, even though they are vague and general enough to apply to many people. |
| What is the primacy effect? | It is a type of effect where a person has the tendency to remember the first items in a list better than the middle items and the last items. This effect can affect memory retention and decision making by giving more weight to the first items. |
| What is the recency effect? | It is a type of effect where a person tends to remember the last items in a list better than the first items and middle items. This effect can affect memory retention and decision making by giving more weight to the last items. |
| What is the serial position effect? | It is a type of effect where a person has the tendency to remember the first items and last items in a list better than the middle items. This effect can affect memory retention and decision making by giving more weight to the first & last items. |
| What is the spacing effect? | It is a type of effect where a person's long-term memory is enhanced when learning events are spaced apart in time, rather than massed in immediate succession. This effect helps individuals to better learn & remember information. |
| What is the next-in-line effect? | It is a type of effect where a person is unable to recall information concerning events immediately preceding their turn to perform. This effect is believed to occur due to both attention distraction and retrograde amnesia. |
| What is the spotlight effect? | It is a type of effect where a person believes that their embarrassing behaviors are noticed by others more than they are auctually seen. |
| What is the pygmalion effect? | It is a type of effect that refers to situations where high expectations lead to improved performance and low expectations lead to worsened performance. |
| What is the pratfall effect? | It is a type of effect where a person's opinion of someone can change after making an error. This also applies to brands and products as well. |
| What are cognitive distortions? | They are negative or irrational patterns of thinking. These negative thought patterns can play a role in diminishing your motivation, lowering your self-esteem, and contributing to mental health issues like anxiety, depression, and substance use. |
| What is filtering? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person filters out positive information and retains the negative information. |
| What is polarization/"all-or-nothing" thinking? | It is type of cognitive distortion where a person views things in absolute terms: situations are always black or white, everything or nothing, good or bad, success or failure. |
| What is overgeneralization? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person takes one isolated negative event and turns it into a never-ending pattern of loss and defeat. This is the opposite of a mental filter. |
| What is a mental filter? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person takes one small event and focuses on it exclusively, filtering out anything else. This is the opposite of overgeneralization. |
| What is a "discounting the positives" cognitive distortion? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person ignores and/or invalidates good things that have happened to them. They view positives as something of no value. |
| What is a "jumping to conclusions" cognitive distortion? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person interprets an event or situation negatively without evidence supporting such a conclusion. |
| What is catastrophizing? | It is type of cognitive distortion where a person thinks about every possible bad thing that could happen to them in every scenario that their currently in. |
| What is personalization? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person believes that they are responsible for events that, in reality, are completely or partially out of their control. It also means that a person takes things personally. |
| What is a control fallacy? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person views themself as in control of everything in their life and other people's lives or views themself as having no control at all over anything in their life. |
| What is the fallacy of fairness? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person believes that things should be fair, and if they aren't, it's not your fault. It refers to the belief that all things in life should be based on fairness and equality. |
| What is blaming? | It is type of cognitive distortion where a person blames other people for their own problems or they blame themselves when it is not their fault. |
| What are "should statements"? | They are a type of cognitive distortion where a person creates a rigid code of conduct of how they should behave and if that person fails that code of conduct in their head, they harshly criticize themself. |
| What is emotional reasoning? | It is type of cognitive distortion where a person believes that the way they feel is a reflection of reality. It will also lead a person to believe future events depend on how you feel. |
| What is the fallacy of change? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person expects that other people will change their ways to suit their expectations or needs. |
| What is labeling? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person gives themself negative labels. |
| What is global labelling? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person gives other people negative labels. |
| What is magical thinking? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person thinks that life will be better if their hopes and desires for themself come true. |
| What is mind reading? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person makes assumptions about what others are thinking. |
| What is a "double standard" cognitive distortion? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person holds themself to a higher standard than everyone else. |
| What is magnification? | It is a type of cognitive distortion where a person exaggerates the negative aspects of a situation or the impact of a mistake. |
| What is amnesia? | It is a type of a condition where a person has a loss of memory. It makes a person forget about facts, information, and/or experiences. |
| What is the Broca's area? | It's an area that is located in the frontal lobe and is responsible for speech production. |
| What is the Wernicke's area? | It's an area located in the temporal lobe and is responsible for comprehension of language. |
| What is Broca's aphasia? | It is a type of aphasia where a person has difficulty in producing language due to damage to the Broca's area of the brain, often due to strokes, traumatic brain injuries, brain tumors, or neurological conditions. |
| What is Wernicke's aphasia? | It is a type of aphasia where a person has difficulty in understanding language due to damage to the Wernicke's area of the brain, often due to strokes, traumatic brain injuries, brain tumors, or neurological conditions. |
| What is global aphasia? | It is a type of aphasia caused by extensive left‑hemisphere damage, resulting in major impairments in speaking, understanding, reading, and writing. It resembles both Broca’s and Wernicke’s patterns but stems from one large lesion. |
| What is anomic aphasia? | It is a type of aphasia where a person has persistent word‑finding difficulty despite good fluency, comprehension, and repetition, causing pauses, vague wording, and circumlocutions due to damage in left‑hemisphere language regions. |
| What is primary progressive aphasia? | It is a type of aphasia where language ability gradually declines due to FTLD or Alzheimer’s disease, causing worsening word‑finding, comprehension, or speech production problems while memory and thinking skills are relatively preserved early on. |
| What are temporary episodes of aphasia? | It is a type of aphasia where a person briefly loses language ability due to migraines, seizures, or TIAs, caused by short‑lasting disruptions in the brain’s language networks and often signaling underlying issues. |
| Who is Paul Broca? | He was a physician and anthropologist who identified the brain region for speech production, showing that patients with aphasia had left‑frontal lesions and providing the first strong anatomical evidence for localized brain functions. |
| Who is Carl Wernicke? | He was a neurologist who identified the left‑hemisphere region responsible for language comprehension and described major aphasia syndromes, showing that specific brain areas support distinct aspects of understanding and producing language. |
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TheStudyQueen