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Ag Econ

Chapter 9: Monopoly

Term/QuestionDefinition/Answer
Monopoly one firm produces all output in market
Barriers to Entry legal, technological, market forces discouraging/preventing potential competitors from entering market
Natural Monopoly where barriers to entry are something other than legal prohibition
What are some key characteristics of a natural monopoly? high/fixed costs/infrastructure; declining average costs as output increases; most efficient to have 1 provider
What are some examples of a natural monopoly? local utilities; railways in specific region; pipeline network; local cable/internet
What are some examples of natural monopolies in agriculture? big contractors, land ownership
Legal Monopoly law prohibits (severely limits) competition
What are some key characteristics of a legal monopoly? exclusive rights granted by law; protected from competition; often regulated to prevent abuse
What are some examples of legal monopolies? patents; copyrights
Patent gives inventor exclusive legal right to make, use, sell invention for limited time
Trademark identifying symbol or name for particular good
What are some examples of a trademark? McDonald's: Golden Arches, "I'm lovin' it!"; logo, slogan, catchphrase
Copyright form of legal protection to prevent copying for commercial purposes, original works of authorship, books/music
What are some examples of copyright? creative works: movies, music, books; software; video games; marketing materials
Trade Secrets method of production kept secret by producing firm
What are some examples of trade secrets? KFC's 11 herbs and spices; coka-cola recipe
What are some examples of a patent? Tesla battery; coke bottle shape; apple airpods; Nike shoe; Monsanto GMD
Intellectual Property law protects rights of inventors to produce/sell inventions; body of law including patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets
Deregulation removing government controls over selling prices/quantities in certain industries
Predatory Pricing firm uses threat of sharp price cuts to discourage competition - violation of U.S. antitrust law: difficult to prove
What is an example of predatory pricing? Walmart vs. local retail (Shopko): Lower price in specific area; accused target local stores; uses size advantage
Marginal Profit profit of one more unit output, computed as marginal revenue minus marginal cost; MR-MC=MP
What are the three steps of calculating Marginal Profit? 1. Monopolist decides profit maximizing level of output; 2. Monopolist decides what price to charge; 3. Calculate total revenue, cost and proft
Allocative Efficiency Resources are used to produce goods/services most valued by society; no one can be made better off w/o making someone else worse off
Created by: horktera
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