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Ag Econ
Chapter 9: Monopoly
| Term/Question | Definition/Answer |
|---|---|
| Monopoly | one firm produces all output in market |
| Barriers to Entry | legal, technological, market forces discouraging/preventing potential competitors from entering market |
| Natural Monopoly | where barriers to entry are something other than legal prohibition |
| What are some key characteristics of a natural monopoly? | high/fixed costs/infrastructure; declining average costs as output increases; most efficient to have 1 provider |
| What are some examples of a natural monopoly? | local utilities; railways in specific region; pipeline network; local cable/internet |
| What are some examples of natural monopolies in agriculture? | big contractors, land ownership |
| Legal Monopoly | law prohibits (severely limits) competition |
| What are some key characteristics of a legal monopoly? | exclusive rights granted by law; protected from competition; often regulated to prevent abuse |
| What are some examples of legal monopolies? | patents; copyrights |
| Patent | gives inventor exclusive legal right to make, use, sell invention for limited time |
| Trademark | identifying symbol or name for particular good |
| What are some examples of a trademark? | McDonald's: Golden Arches, "I'm lovin' it!"; logo, slogan, catchphrase |
| Copyright | form of legal protection to prevent copying for commercial purposes, original works of authorship, books/music |
| What are some examples of copyright? | creative works: movies, music, books; software; video games; marketing materials |
| Trade Secrets | method of production kept secret by producing firm |
| What are some examples of trade secrets? | KFC's 11 herbs and spices; coka-cola recipe |
| What are some examples of a patent? | Tesla battery; coke bottle shape; apple airpods; Nike shoe; Monsanto GMD |
| Intellectual Property | law protects rights of inventors to produce/sell inventions; body of law including patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets |
| Deregulation | removing government controls over selling prices/quantities in certain industries |
| Predatory Pricing | firm uses threat of sharp price cuts to discourage competition - violation of U.S. antitrust law: difficult to prove |
| What is an example of predatory pricing? | Walmart vs. local retail (Shopko): Lower price in specific area; accused target local stores; uses size advantage |
| Marginal Profit | profit of one more unit output, computed as marginal revenue minus marginal cost; MR-MC=MP |
| What are the three steps of calculating Marginal Profit? | 1. Monopolist decides profit maximizing level of output; 2. Monopolist decides what price to charge; 3. Calculate total revenue, cost and proft |
| Allocative Efficiency | Resources are used to produce goods/services most valued by society; no one can be made better off w/o making someone else worse off |