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WGU-Organic Chem 9
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hydrogen bonding | increases solubility in water |
| polarity of an alcohol's OH group raises its boiling point by | because the molecules stick to each other through dipole interaction |
| polarity affects solubility by | making it easier to stick to and separate the water molecules |
| boiling points of ethanol and dimethyl ether differ because | steric hindrance of the ether's alkyl groups makes the boiling point lower than alcohols but higher than alkanes |
| boiling point trend | higher bp for longer chains; higher bp for more branched chains; higher bp for ethers, than alcohols, then aldehydes and ketones, then carboxylic acids |
| boiling point comparison | |
| solubility trends | more soluble with more hydrogen bonding strength; alkanes < thiols < amines < ethers < aldehydes and ketones < alcohols < carboxylic acids |
| solubility comparison | |
| causes of trends in boiling points | steric hindrance, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bonding, dimeric hydrogen bonding |
| causes of trends in solubility | hydrogen bonding and polarity |
| hydrophilic | hydrogen bonds love water |
| hydrophobic | alkane tails hate water |
| molecular weight affects solubility by | the heavier the alkane the less soluble, the more surface area the less soluble? |
| alkane physical states | at 25 C, 4-Carbon chain or smaller are gases, 5-10 carbon chain are liquids, 11 and up are solids |
| alkanes are held together by | weak dispersion forces which are the weakest of all the intermolecular forces |
| alkanes can become solids by | lowering temperature |
| alkanes boiling points are | very low because they are held by weak dispersion forces |
| larger alkanes have _____ boiling points than smaller alkanes | higher |
| unbranched alkanes have _____ boiling points than branched alkanes because of surface area | higher |
| branched alkanes have _____ surface area than unbranched alkanes | less |
| alkanes and cycloalkanes have _______ physical properties | similar |
| because alkenes are _______ the only interactions between alkene molecules are _________ forces | nonpolar, dispersion |
| properties of alkenes are _______ to alkanes | similar |
| alcohols have _______ bonds that make the molecules more ________ to one another which makes the boiling point _________ than alkanes of similar molecular weight | hydrogen; attracted; higher |
| water and alcohols are both _______ , therefore the smaller alcohols with smaller ________ chains are __________ in water | polar; nonpolar; soluble |
| alcohols with ___________ chains are soluble in ________ solvents such as hexane and benzene | nonpolar; nonpolar |
| ethers are ______ molecules with oxygen carrying a partial _______ charge | polar; negative |
| although ethers are ______ their is too much steric ________ that keeps their boiling point not much more _______ than alkanes | polar; hindrance; higher |
| the oxygen in ethers contributes to _______ bonding which makes it _______ soluble in water than alkanes | hydrogen; more |
| thiols most notable physical property is their | stench |
| thiols _____ bond is not as ______ as O-H bond of alcohols | S-H; polar |
| thiols have _______ boiling points and are _____ soluble than alcohols | lower; less |
| alcohols are _______ acidic | weakly |
| thiols are slightly ______ acidic than alcohols | more |
| thiols are _______ oxidized | easily |
| phenols are _____ acidic than simple alcohols because the phenoxide anion is more _______ than an alkoxide anion | more; stable |
| when adding more substituents to a phenol ring, the rule is the _____ stable the more acidic | more |
| phenols with electron-withdrawing groups like flourine atoms are _____ acidic than phenol | more |
| phenols with electron-releasing alkyl groups are ______ acidic than phenol | less |
| Amines are _______ compounds and primary and secondary amines can make intramolecular ________ bonds which makes the boiling point ________ than alkanes | polar; hydrogen; higher |
| since amines can take part in _______ bonding it makes them ____ ________ in water than alkanes | hydrogen; more soluble |
| N-H hydrogen bonds are not as ________ as O-H hydrogen bonds | strong |
| amines are ______ bases | weak |
| any group that is attached to an amine that ______ electron density increases basicity | releases |
| any group that is attached to an amine that _______ electron density decreases basicity | withdraws |
| aldehydes and ketones have ________ boiling points than alkanes due to their _________ interactions of their carbonyl group | higher, dipole-dipole |
| aldehydes and ketones ____________ are not as strong as alcohols therefore their solubility and boiling points are ________ than alcohols | dipole-dipole hydrogen bonding interactions; less and lower |
| grignard reagents are _______ basic | highly |
| carboxylic acids exist as _______,_______ bonded structures in the liquid and solid state | dimeric, hydrogen |
| Because carboxylic acids exist in ________ structures they have _______ boiling points than alcohols or aldehydes | dimeric; higher |
| Carboxylic acids are also _______ soluble in water than alcohols and aldehydes | more |
| unsubstituted carboxylic acids are relatively ______ | acidic |
| electron withdrawing halogen atoms adjacent to the carboxylic group _______ acidity | increases |
Created by:
elainero
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