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GEOG EXAM 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Identify examples of instruments used to measure and/or record wind characteristics (direction and speed of winds) at surface and at upper levels. | Anemometer, Wind-Vane, Weather Ballons, and Doppler Radar |
| Identify the general characteristics associated with winds and pressure gradients. | Wind is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure between two locations. Isobars show pressure gradients on a map. (High to low) |
| Understand the relationship between temperature and pressure and be able to determine the impact that warming or cooling of an air mass/column has on its pressure near the surface or aloft in the atmosphere | Warm Air: Surface pressure decreases, Pressure aloft increases, small column on surface. Cold Air: Surface pressure increases, Pressure aloft decreases, large column on surface |
| Identify the general characteristics associated within land and sea breezes. Focus attention on the forces that give rise to differences in pressure and how this translates into changing wind directions. | Seabreeze flows into land during the afternoon, Land breezes into sea at night. (Uneven heating of the atmosphere causes change in pressure.) |
| Identify examples of other types of local winds and the general characteristics of each. | Calm winds stay stagnant (Early Morning), Valley Breeze flow up the Mountain (Day), Mountain Breeze flows down the valley (Night) |
| Identify the characteristics associated with the Coriolis force. | An effect of earths rotation, deflects moving objects on earths surface, power grows strong at the poles and has no power in the equator. |
| Identify the characteristics associated with cyclones and anticyclones in the upper atmosphere, respectively. Focus attention on the type of pressure, the general speed of the winds , and the direction of Coriolis and pressure gradient forces for each. | ANTI-CYCLONE: High Pressure, Clockwise, Faster than geostrophic winds, and outward spin. CYCLONE: Low Pressure, Anti-clockwise, slower than geostrophic winds, and inward spin. |
| Identify the characteristics associated with winds at the surface. Focus attention on the effects that friction has on winds at the surface | Friction works to slow down wind. Slower wind means weak Coriolis affect. |
| Identify the characteristics associated with a Hadley Cell. Focus attention on the creation of lower pressure belt over the Equator (Intertropical Convergence Zone) and the creation of subtropical high pressure belts around 30 degrees N and S Latitude. | The Hadley Cells generate movement of air from equatorial/tropical zones towards poles. Creates easterly winds and a low pressure belt along the equator (ITCZ) |
| Identify the general characteristics associated with the circulation and movement of air in the mid-latitudes and polar regions. | Cell circulations of the troposphere (Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar) form surface pressure belts found around the world. Seven Pressure Belts (Equatorial Low (ITCZ), Sub-Tropical Highs (2), Sub-Polar Lows (2), Polar Highs (2)) |
| Identify the characteristics associated with the seasonal shift of winds (monsoon) that affect Asia. Focus attention on the location of pressure areas and the direction of the winds during the summer and winter months | Monsoon: Seasonal wind shift over Asia. Summer: Intense heating creates low pressure (High pressure over oceans) Winter: Asia cools rapidly creating low pressure called Siberian High (Low pressure over oceans) |
| Identify the names of the persistent sub-tropical high-pressure belts in the Northern Hemisphere. | Hawaiian High (Pacific Ocean), Azores High (Atlantic Ocean) |
| Identify the names of the persistent low-pressure belts in the Northern Hemisphere. | Aleutian Low (North Pacific), Icelandic Low (North Atlantic) |
| Identify the general characteristics associated with disturbances in the polar jet stream. | Disturbances to west-east flow caused by pressure gradient instability |
| Identify the three layers of the oceanic temperature structure and the characteristics of each. | Layer of warm water near top (Mixed Layer), Temp drops fast (Thermocline Layer), Very cold (Deep Ocean Layer) |
| Identify the general characteristics associated with ocean currents | Persistent horizontal movement, at surface moved by friction from winds. Gyres - circular currents. |
| Identify the elements (atmospheric circulation, cyclones, and oceanic circulation) involved in the heat and moisture transfer from the equator to the poles. | Jet streams, Tropical Cyclones, and Western boundary currents bring heat towards poles. |
| Identify the two criteria by which air masses are classified and be able to identify examples of air mass types. | Surface temperature, and Latitude. (mE, mT, cT, mP, cP, cA, cAA) |
| Identify the two types of air masses that commonly move through Ohio and the source regions from which they originate | Maritime Tropical (mT), from the Gulf of Mexico, and Continental Polar (cP) from the boreal forest. |
| Differentiate among a cold front, warm front, and an occluded front and the characteristics of each. Focus attention on the characteristics associated with a moving cold air mass. | (Cold Front) cold air is faster than warm. (Warm Front) warm air is faster than cold air; warm front slower than cold front (Occluded Front) old air overtakes warm air and forces it upwards. (Stationary Front) two air masses in contact; little movement |
| Identify the characteristics associated with Mid-Latitude anticyclones. | High pressure in center, Fair weather conditions. |
| Identify the three types of traveling cyclones. | Mid-latitude cyclone (or extra-tropical cyclone), Tropical cyclone (ex: tropical storm or hurricane), Tornado |
| Identify the elements that allow Mid-Latitude Cyclones to grow over time. Focus attention on the factor that contributes the most to this growth. | Disturbances in the jet stream that create troughs and ridges of low and high pressure, respectively, in the upper atmosphere. |
| Identify the three types of vorticity and be able to determine – in terms of vorticity – what happens as a cyclonic system moves either towards or away from the Equator. | Relative, Planetary, Absolute Vorticity. Cyclones move slower as they travel towards the equator. |
| Identify the two regions of the world where cyclonic tracks have been studied extensively and are well known. | North America, and Western Eurasia |
| Identify the characteristics associated with convergent precipitation. | Can occur when air is at the surface converges with a low-pressure center. |
| Identify the characteristics associated with an Easterly Wave. | Simplest form of tropical weather system. Occurs over oceans. |
| Know the minimum wind speed required for a cyclone to be categorized as a hurricane in the Western Hemisphere (North Atlantic). | Winds 33-42 m/s (74 - 95mph) |
| Identify the basic components in the structure of a tropical cyclone. | Latent heat release provides energy that enhances/intensifies cyclone |
| Know the minimum wind speed required for a cyclone to be categorized as a hurricane in the Western Hemisphere (North Atlantic). | Winds 33-42 m/s (74 - 95mph) |
| Identify the names of prominent tropical storms (hurricane) that have been retired. Focus attention on the hurricane that affected New Orleans in 2005. | Hurricane Katrina |
| Know what the Saffir-Simpson scale is, the number of categories, and the criteria used for categorizing tropical cyclones. | Developed to categorize 5 different intensities of cyclones, mean wind speed and storm surge speed. |
| Identify tropical cyclone hazards. Focus attention on the hazard that is the most serious. | Storm Surge: most serious – can inundate coast (due to low pressure and high winds) |
| Identify the characteristics associated with air mass thunderstorms. | Isolated storms generated by daytime heating of land surface |
| Identify the characteristics associated with severe thunderstorms. | a storm with vertical motion sufficient to cause lightning & thunder |
| Identify the characteristics associated with Mesoscale Convective Complex. | A group a of air-mass thunderstorms form to become one big slow moving weather system. |
| Know what sheet lightning is and the percentage of lighting that occurs within clouds and/or occur between clouds. | Cloud-to-cloud lightning – light diffused by cloud (80% of all lightning strokes within clouds) |
| Identify the characteristics associated with cloud-to-ground lightning. | Requires charge separation in ground. (Only 20 % of lightning strikes.) |
| Identify the characteristics associated with a tornado. | Rapidly rotating column of air from base of thunderstorm touching ground, Funnel dark because of water droplets, dust & debris, Extreme low pressure in center of circulation, Extreme low pressure in center of circulation. |
| Identify the conditions/elements necessary for the development of a tornado | Strong horizontal circulation (wind shear), Convection, and Mesocyclone |
| Identify the area(s) of the North America where tornadoes are most likely to occur. | Central and Southeastern United States (Tornado Alley) |
| 3 stages of tornado forecasting. | Severe storm outlook, tornado watch, tornado warming |
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monioyesola