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3 functions of lymphatic system-
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APHY 102 CH. 16
ch.16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| lymphatic system- | a network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids. closely associated with the cardiovascular system |
| 3 functions of lymphatic system- | transports excess fluid away from the interstitial spaces, and returns it to the bloodstream. absorbs lipids from digestive system and transports them to the bloodstream. defends the body disease |
| immune system- | refers to the fact that many cells of the lymphatic system provide both defense against disease and permanent immunity against future infections |
| lymphatic pathways- | lymphatic capillaries-lymphatic vessels-lymph nodes-larger lymphatic vessels-lymphatic trunks-lymphatic collecting ducts-veins in thorax |
| lacteals- | lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats, and transport them to the blood |
| lymphatic capillaries- | microscopic, closed-ended tubes. parallel blood capillaries. thin walled. simple squamous epithelium. tissue (interstitial fluid enter lymphatic capillaries; fluid is now called lymph. merge into lymphatic vessels |
| lymphatic vessels- | walls are similar to veins, but thinner. contain semilunar vales, larger vessels lead to lymph nodes |
| lymphatic vessels are composed of 3 layers- | endothelial lining (inner), smooth muscle (middle), connective tissue (outer) |
| lymphatic trunks- | drain lymph from lymphatic vessels. named for the regions they serve lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, broncho mediastinal, subclavian, and jugular |
| lymphatic collecting ducts- | drain lymph from trunks. thoracic duct (large) and right lymphatic duct (small) |
| tissue fluid formation- | capillary blood pressure filters water and small molecules from the plasma. |
| tissue fluid- | has about the same composition as blood plasma. contains water and dissolved nutrients, gases, hormones. exception: tissue fluid does not contain large plasma proteins |
| lymph flow- | lymph inside lymphatic vessels has low pressure, like venous blood |
| lymph flow muscle activity- | influences the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels: contraction of skeletal muscles compresses lymphatic vessels, moving the lymph. |
| valves- | prevent backflow |
| roles of lymphatic capillaries- | absorption of dietary fats. delivery of absorbed fats to the bloodstream. return of small proteins filtered by blood capillaries to bloodstream. collection of excess interstitial fluid. delivery of excess fluid to the bloodstream |
| lymphatic tissue contains several cell types- | lymphocytes and macrophages |
| mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)- | unencapsulated lymphatic tissue of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tract: tonsils and appendix are composed of lymphatic nodules |
| lymphatic organs- | consist of encapsulated lymphatic tissue. lymph nodes, thymus and spleen |
| lymph nodes- | usually bean-shaped, <2.5 cm long. located along lymphatic vessels; filter pathogens from lymph. contain lymphocytes and macrophages to fight invading pathogens |
| locations of lymph nodes- | found in groups or chains along the paths of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body. NOT found in central nerous system |
| 2 primary functions of lymph nodes- | filter potentially harmful particles from the lymph. immune surveillance: monitor body fluids via macrophages and lymphocytes |
| functions of lymph nodes- | along with red bone marrow, the lymph nodes are centers for lymphocyte production. lymphocytes attack various pathogens in lymph nodes. macrophages engulf and digest foregin substances, damaged cells, debris |
| thymus- | contains lymphocytes derived from blood stem cells in red bone marrow. some cells mature into functional T lymphocytes (T cells), which leaves thymus to provide immunity. thymosins: hormones produced in thymus; stimulate T cell maturation |
| thymus development- | large in infancy and early childhood. shrinks at puberty. small in and adult. in elderly, lymphatic tissue is replaced by adipose & other connective tissue |
| spleen- | largest lymphatic organ. located in the upper left part of abdominal cavity. filters blood, like lymph nodes filter lymph- removes pathogens and damaged RBC's from blood |
| spleen contains 2 tissue types- | white pulp: lymphocytes red pulp: red blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages |
| pathogens- defense against infections | disease-causing agents. bacteria, viruses, complex microorganism like protozoa, and spores of multicellular organisms like fungi. |
| innate (nonspecific) defenses: defense against infections | general defenses (inflammatory response, fever, pH, mucus, etc). neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils attack pathogens |
| adaptive (specific) defenses: defense against infections | known as immunity. more specific and precise, targeting specific antigens on pathogens. carried out by lymphocytes that recognize certain foreign molecules |
| fever- non-specific (innate) defense | a fever begins when a viral or bacterial infection stimulates lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete a substance called interleukin-1 (IL-1) which raises thermoregulatory set point |
| specific immunity- | resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by products. immune response is based on the ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body "self" from "non-self" |
| antigens- | membrane molecules that can elicit an immune response. adaptive responses are carried out by lymphocytes and macrophages that can recognize specific antigens |
| 2 types of adaptive defense- | cellular immune response (performed by immune cells) humoral immune response (performed by antibodies) |
| inate- | mucus, stomach acid, fever, inflammation, NK cells |
| adaptive- cell-mediated response | helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, memory T-cells, |
| adaptive- humoral response | plasma B-cells, memory B-cells |
| T lymphocytes (T cells)- | created in bone marrow, specialize in thymus. after release from thymus, make up 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes. some T cells settle in lymphatic organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen |
| B lymphocytes (B cells)- | after release from bone marrow, make up 20-30% of lymphocytes in blood. settle in lymphatic organs, along with T cells. abundant in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal lining |
| helper T cells- | activate other cells, help B cells product antibodies |
| cytotoxic cells- | attack virally infected or cancerous cells |
| memory T cells- | provide immune protection |
| celllular immune respone- | a lymphocyte must be activated before it can respond to an antigen. T cell activation requires that antigenic fragment be attached to antigen-presenting cell (APC) such as macrophages, B cells. |
| humoral immune response- | B cells can be activated when an antigen fits the shaped of their receptors, binds to them. some new B cells become memory B cells, which provide future immunity. |
| antibodies (immunoglobulins)- | Y-shaped proteins, composed of 4 amino acid chains. each type of antibody has unique conformation, making it specific for its antigen |
| antibody action- | react to antigens in several ways. agglutination. chemotaxis- attract macrophages/neutrophils, lysis- causes rupture of pathogen cell membrane, inflammation- prevent spread of antigens |
| primary immune response- | produced by first encounter with antigen; first antidodies appear 5-10 days, and remain for several weeks; memory B cells are also produced |
| secondary immune response- | subsequent exposure to antigen produces high concentration of antibodies in 1-2 days; antibodies remain for months or years; memory B cells live for many years |
| naturally acquired- | obtained by a natural process (getting and recovering from the disease, or given from mother to fetus or infant) |
| artifically acquired- | obtained by an infection, instead of a natural process |
| passive immunity- | temporary immunity obtained via antibodies; no antigen exposure; no immune response is evoked by persons immune system |
| active immunity- | permanent immunity obtained via antigen contact; immune response is evoked, and memory B cells are produced |
Created by:
Wpebworth16