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geography 2nd yr
geography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| in what ways do rivers shape the landscape? (3) | erosion, transportation, deposition |
| what is erosion? | when the river wears the landscape away |
| what is transportation? | when the river carries the material that it has eroded |
| what is deposition | when the river drops the material that it was carrying |
| what are the processes of river erosion? | hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution. |
| what is hydraulic action | physical force of moving water wears +breaks away the rock+soil from the banks+ bed of the river. |
| what is abrasion? | small stones are carried by the river wear away banks+bed of river |
| what is attrition? | small stones in the river are worn down + broken up as they hit off each other |
| what is solution? | rocks such as limestone and soil are dissolved by acids in the water. |
| what is load | material transported by the river |
| what are the methods of river transportation? | rolling, bouncing, suspension, solution. |
| what is rolling | larger stones are rolled along the river bed this is called traction. |
| what is bouncing | smaller pebbles are bounced along the river bed this is called saltation. |
| what is suspension | light materials such as sand and silt float along in the water |
| what is solution | other materials dissolve in the water and are carried along by the river. |
| how does river deposition shape the landscape | by leaving sediment in new places |
| what are the causes of deposition | reduction in the rivers speed, increase of load size, reduction in the rivers volume, when the gradient levels off |
| the river flows from .................. through the youthful stage. | its source |
| what causes the river channel to become deeper? | vertical erosion |
| what is a v-shaped valley | a steep-sided valley in the shape of a v |
| how is a v shaped valley shaped | by vertical erosion |
| what is the formation of a v-shaped valley | force of moving water in the river cuts downward into the river bed, making deeper. mechanical weathering + mass movement weather the sides of the valley, breaking down rock+soil. material that falls into the river is carried downstream as part of the riv |
| what are interlocking spurs | they are areas of high ground, they jut out at both sides of the v shaped valley |
| how are interlocking spurs formed | river flows v fast in upper course. makes its way downhill winding+bending around areas of hard rock that can't erode. river erodes vertically. this process creates areas of high ground on either side of the river that fit together like a zip. |
| what is a waterfall | a vertical drop in the course of the river in its youthful stage. |
| what is the mature stage of the river carrying with it | a greater volume of water and as a result has more power |
| what is the river carrying more of in its mature stage | material in its load |
| in the mature stage what way does the river erode | both vertically and laterally |
| what are meanders | curves or bends in the river |
| in what stage of the river would you find meanders | the mature stage |
| in what 2 ways are meanders formed | erosion and deposition |
| where is an example of a meander | shannon river/Moy river |
| what is an oxbow lake | horse-shoe shaped lake |
| when is an oxbow lake formed | when a meander is cut off from the river |
| where does the river flow in its old stage | flows slowly along flat land |
| what does the river carry in the old stage | carries a load that has been eroded during the previous stages and through surface run-off |
| what is the main process in the old stage | deposition |
| what is a flood plain | wide, flat area of land on either side of the river in its old stage |
| what is a levee | a build up of alluvium on the banks of a river |
| what are levees caused by | floods |
| what are deltas | landforms of deposition |
| where are deltas found | old stage of river |
| what shapes are deltas | triangular/fan shaped |
| where are deltas located | at the mouth of the river where it enters a lake/sea |
| what conditions do deltas form under | river must be transporting a large amount of sediment, sea must have a small tidal range+weak currents, sea must be shallow at river mouth. |
| what are some of the ways people interact with rivers | transport, tourism, fishing, settlement, pollution, hydroelectic power, domestic water supply, flooding. |
| what are the most distinctive patters of drainage | dendritic, trellis, radial, deranged. |
| what is the most common form of drainage system | dendritic |
| what happens in a dendritic system | many tributary streams combine before joining the main river |
| what happens in a trellis | smaller tributaries feed into it from the steep slopes on the sides of mountains. these tributaries enter the main river at an angle close to 90 degrees. creating a drainage system that looks like trellis. |
| what happens in a radial drainage system | streams radiate outwards from a central high point. |
| what does a radial drainage system resemble | the spokes on a bicycle wheel. |
| what happens in a deranged drainage system | there is no clear pattern to the rivers. |
| what will happen if an area is well drained? | it will attract a settlement. |
| what might a badly drained system have | a chaotic system of rivers and streams, bogs or marshland. therefore little settlement. |
| what are the three stages of a river | youthful, mature, old |
| what are the different points of a river | source, drainage basin, confluence, tributary, estuary, watershed. |
| what is constantly shaping the coastline | the sea |
| what do waves do | erode, transport, deposit material along the coast. |
| how are waves formed | by wind moving across the surface of the sea. |
| what is the fetch | distance of open sea over which the wind blows. |
| what happens when waves reach shallow water | front of wave comes in contact with seabed causing it to break |
| when a wave breaks, what is the water that rushes up the beach known as | the swash |
| what is the water that returns back down the beach known as | backwash |
| what are the 2 types of waves | constructive + destructive waves. |
| what does a constructive wave do | deposits material |
| what does a destructive wave do | erodes material and carries it away |
| what are the processes of coastal erosion | hydraulic action, abrasion, compression, solution, attrition. |
| what is hydraulic action (sea) | physical force of waves breaks material off coastline. |
| what is abrasion (sea) | loose material is thrown against the coastline by waves |
| what is compression | when waves crash against a cliff, air gets trapped in cracks + joints on cliff face and becomes compressed. when waves retreat the pressure is suddenly released. process of compression and release happens repeatedly until rock eventually shatters |
| what is solution (sea) | some rocks such as limestone/chalk are dissolved by water. |
| what is attrition (sea) | stones that are carried in the water - constantly hitting against each other. over time they become worn down, smooth and rounded. this eventually leads to the formation of sand |
| what is a bay | curved area where waves have eroded the coastline. |
| what is a headland | area of hard rock jutting into the sea |
| what is a sea cliff | vertical/steep slope on the coastline. |
| what is the source of the river | start of the river |
| what is the course of the river | route a river takes to the sea |
| what is the confluence of a river | point at which 2 rivers or streams join together |
| what is a tributary | stream/smaller river that flows into a larger stream/river |
| what is the mouth of the river | point where the river comes to an end |
| what is the drainage basin | area of land drained by the river |
| what is the watershed | area of high ground which separates 2 drainage basins |
| what is an estuary | part of a river mouth that is tidal. |
Created by:
mollyco