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Brain & Behav Final
Vocab Words
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homestatis | to maintain a variable ( temperature) in a fixed range (adapt to change) |
| Set point | a single value the body works to maintain |
| Negative feedback | processes reduce discrepancies from set point |
| Allostatis | adaptive ways the body changes set points in situation (prevent change) |
| Basal Metabolism | energy used to maintain a certain body temperature a rest |
| Ectothermic | controlling temp by relying on external sources for cooling and heating |
| Cold Blooded Animals | lack ability to shiver or sweat; temperature the same as its environment |
| Endothermic | controlling body temp by the body's physiological mechanism |
| Evaporation | cools the body in hot environment using method of sweat |
| Shivering | muscle contractions that generate heat |
| Primary advantage of maintaining a constant high body temp? | keeps an animal ready for rapid prolonged muscle activity even in cold weather |
| Why did mammals evolve a temp of 37 degree C / 98 degree F | warmth= faster but protein lose stability at higher temp |
| POH/AH | controls shivering, sweating, change in HR & metabolism, and change in blood flow |
| What are the sources of input to the POA/AH? | receives input from temperature in the skin and organs and many cells sense their own temp |
| If you had damage to your POA/AH what would happen to your body temp? | less able to shiver, sweat, control other physiological mechanisms that control body temp but still able to find location with similar temp to body temp |
| Lack of prostaglandins and histamines | inability to develop a fever |
| what evidence indicates that fever is an adaptation to fight illness | during body shiver/sweat to maintain its elevated temp ,moderate fever inhibits bacterial growth and increases probability of survival |
| what is allostasis | processes that anticipate future needs |
| for most people, maintaining constant body temperature requires how much of the body's total energy output? | about 2/3rds |
| How do reptiles and amphibians regulate their body temperature, if at all? | they move locations with a more favorable temp |
| what is the primary advantage of maintaining a constant high body temperature ? | it keeps muscle ready for rapid, prolonged activity even in cold weather |
| Cells in the POH/AH regulate body temperature by maintaining what ? | skin temperature & the temperature of the POA/AH itself |
| When you have an infection, what causes the fever ? | the immune system delivers chemicals that stimulates the hypothalamus |
| Why is a very high body temp dangerous ? | many protein break down at high temps |
| Which physiological mechanism is used to cool the human body in hot temperatures? | evaporation |
| Shifting blood flow away from the skin is a strategy the body uses to manage which of the following? | cold temperatures |
| one benefit of endothermy is that the animal can always keep warm and therefore is constantly ready for vigorous activity , regardless of the air temperature. | true |
| vasopressin | constricts blood vessels that help compensate for the decrease water volume |
| ADH ( antidiuretic hormone) | enables kidney to reabsorb water and secrete highly concentrated urine |
| if you lack vasopressin, would you drink more like a beaver or like a gerbil? Why? | drink more like a beaver . would excrete much fluid and need to drink an equal amount to replace |
| Osmotic thirst | caused by eating salty foods ; triggered by neurons that detect loss of their own water |
| hypovolemic thirst | caused by losing fluids due to bleeding/sweating |
| osmotic pressure | tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable concentration |
| semipermeable | water passes, solutes cant |
| lateral preoptic area | part of the hypothalamus that controls drinking |
| supraoptic nucleus | part of the hypothalamus that controls the release rate of vasopressin |
| paraventricular nucleus | part of hypothalamus in which activity tends to limit meal size and damage leads to excessively large meals |
| OVLT | receives input from tongue , each lick of water decreases thirst by tiny amount |
| angiotensin II | hormone that constricts the blood vessels, compensates for drop in BP |
| hypovolemic thirst | need to restore both salt and water |
| hypovolemic thirst | responds to angiotensin II and releases it |
| hypovolemic thirst | cant drink pure water bc it dilutes body fluids & lowers solute concentration |
| sodium specific hunger | increased preference for salty tastes |
| aldosterone | adrenal hormone that causes the body to retain salt |
| who would drink more water someone with osmotic thirst or someone with hypovolemic thirst? | someone with osmotic thirst , someone with hypovolemic thirst would drink more of a solution containing salt |
| what are the contributions of angiotensin II and aldosterone? | Angiotensin II constricts the blood vessels and stimulates neurons that produce hypovolemic thirst. aldosterone causes the body to retain salt when blood volume is low |
| what does vasopressin do ? | it constricts blood vessels |
| what else does vasopressin do? | it makes urine more concentrated |
| which of these happens after you eat something salty ? | water flows out of the cell |
| what would happen as a result of adding salt to the body's extracellular fluids? | increased osmotic thirst |
| what do the OVLT and the subcortical organ monitor ? | osmotic pressure and blood volume |
| what is the most effective way to satisfy hypovolemic thirst? | drink water containing salt or other solutes |
| what does aldosterone do? | it helps the kidney and other glands retain salt |
| small intestine | digest protein, fat and carbohydrates , absorbs digested material |
| large intestine | absorbs water and minerals , lubricates the remaining |
| lactase | intestinal enzyme that metabolizes lactose |
| lactose | sugar in milk |
| why do the genes for digesting lactose differ among apart of Africa? | African groups domesticated cattle at different times and independently evolved genes for digesting lactose |
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