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biochem test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does chemistry have to do with biology | all living organisms are made up of chemical compounds and molecules |
| Explain the difference between an element and compound | an element is any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substance while a compound are composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined |
| For each of the subatomic particles, describes their charge, size and where are located: Proton, Neuron, and electron | Proton: positive - inside - less than one Neurons: No charge - inside - less than one Electrons: Negative - outside - more than one |
| how many total protons, neutrons, and electrons does nitrogen have? What is nitrogen's oxidation number? | Protons: 7 Electrons: 7 Neutrons: 7 oxidation number: -3 |
| what makes carbon such an important and versatile element? | Carbon is virstal due to its 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form stable covalent bonds with many elements. |
| why do elements form bonds? make sure you can relate this to their valence electrons/ the octet rule.. | Atoms form bonds to achieve a stable electron configuration, often on octet in their outer shell. |
| what is the difference between an ionic and a covalent compound? How can you tell if a compound is ionic or covalent? | Ionic compounds transfer electrons (mental and non-mental) while covalent compounds share electrons (two non-metals). If both are non-metals it is a covalent bond but if only one if a mental and the other is a non-metal. |
| How many of each type of atom are in AI(NO3)3 | Aluminum AI: 1 atom Nitrogen (N): 3 atoms Oxygen (O): 9 atoms |
| Where are the metals found on the periodic table? Where would you find nonmetals? | Metals are on the Left and Middle while nonmetals on the right side |
| What is the difference between a polar and nonpolar molecule? | polar substances only dissolve other polar substances while nonpolar substances only dissolve other nonpolar substances. Polar means there is unequal sharing of electrons, while nonpolar means equal sharing |
| Is water polar or nonpolar? What kinds of molecules would dissolve best in water? Why? | Molecules that dissolve best in water are polar molecules and ionic compounds because water itself is a polar molecule, meaning it has a positive and negative end, allowing it to form strong interactions with other polar molecules |
| what is surface tension? How are hydrogen bonds related to surface tension? | the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules. Hydrogen bonds are directly responsible for the high surface tension of water |
| Identify two things about water that make it different from other compounds that make it important to living things? | Its versatility and adaptability help perform important chemical reactions. Its simple molecular structure helps maintain important shapes for cells' inner components and outer membrane. No other molecule matches water when it comes to unique properties t |
| Compare and contrast cohesion and adhesion? | Cohesion is water bonding its self, adhesion is bonding to other surface. |
| Why do atoms form ions? | Atoms form ions to achieve a stable electron configuration, typically by gaining or losing electrons in their outermost shell to reach a full octet like a noble gas, which is a state of low energy and high stability; this process is called ionization |
| What is an isotope? How are isotopes of carbon different from each other? | Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. Isotopes of carbon differ from each other only by the number of neutrons they contain in their nucleus. |
| What 6 elements makeup most organic molecules? | Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur |
| What are the 4 types of organic macromolecules? | Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Proteins: Amino acids Lipids: fatty acids and glycerol Nucleic acids: Nucleotides |
| Describe the subunits/monomers and what elements make up each of the four organic molecules. You will need to know all of these so be very specific! | the monomers of proteins are called amino acids, the monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides, the monomers of lipids are fatty acids, and the monomers of nuclic acids are called nucleotides |
| what is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? | A monomer is a molecule with low molecular weight that can combine with others of the same kind to form a chemical compound know as a polymer. |
| To what category of organic compounds to these substances belong: 1. Monosaccharides, 2. Oils, 3. enzymer, 4. DNA, 5. starch, 6. steroids, and 7. RNA. | 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. Proteins 4. nucleic acids 5. Carbohydrates 6. lipids 7. nucleic acids |
| What is the law of conservation of matter? | Te htotal mass of the products remains equal to the total mass of the reactants |
| Describe the function of an enzyme | An enzyme functions as a biological catalyst, meaning it speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction within a living organism without being consumed in the process |
| C10H8 + 12 O2 ----> 10 CO2 + 4 H20 In the above chemical reaction, what are the reactants? | C10H8 + 12 O2 |
| C10H8 + 12 O2 ----> 10 CO2 + 4 H20 In the above chemical reaction, what are the products? | 10 CO2 + 4 H20 |
| C10H8 + 12 O2 ----> 10 CO2 + 4 H20 In the above chemical reaction, how many different elements are present? | 3 |
| C10H8 + 12 O2 ----> 10 CO2 + 4 H20 In the above chemical reaction, how many total atoms are present? | 54 |
| C10H8 + 12 O2 ----> 10 CO2 + 4 H20 In the above chemical reaction, how many different types of molecules are present? | 2 |
| C10H8 + 12 O2 ----> 10 CO2 + 4 H20 In the above chemical reaction, how many total molecules are present? | 27 |
| C10H8 + 12 O2 ----> 10 CO2 + 4 H20 IN the above chemical reaction, how many carbons are present? | 10 |
| what is activation energy? | the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. |
| Describe ATP: What it its purpose? How is energy released from ATP? | Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy carrier in cells, Energy is released when ATP breaks down into ADP and phosphate |
| Carbohydrates: Built from single sugars called ___________________ (like glucose or fructose) | Monosaccharides |
| Carbohydrates: _______________ are made of more than 2 sugar molecules (like glycogen or starch) | Polysaccharides |
| Lipids: Subunits of fats are ________ and _________ | fatty acids and glycerol |
| Lipids: _______________ are important part of the structure and function of the cell membranes | Phospholipids |
| Proteins: Subunits of a protein is an ________ ; there are __ different amino acids that make up proteins | amino acids and 20 |
| Proteins: A long chain of amino acids is a ____________ - then it is coiled and folded (its structure determines its function) | Polypeptide |
| Nucleic acids: Built from a chain of ________ - a sugar, a nitrogen base and a phosphate group | nucleotides |
| Nucleic acids: ATP ( ________________) it a nucleic acid that _______________ | Adenosine triphosphate and provides energy to cells |
| Monomer | small until that can join together to form a polymer |
| Polymer | large molecule that forms when many smaller molecules bond together, can also be called macromolecules |
| Ganaosation | a chemical reaction in which polymers are formed from monomers - water (H2O) is given off |
| Hydrolysis | a chemical reaction in which polymers are broken apart into monomers - water (H2O) is used |
| vertical columns | groups or gmailies |
| Horizontal rows | periods |
| 1st row (besides hydrogen) | Alkali mentals |
| 2nd row | Alkali earth metals |
| 13th row | boron family |
| 14th row | carbon family |
| 15th row | nitrogen family |
| 16th row | oxygen family |
| 17th row | Halogen family |
| 18th row | noble gasses |
| Element | any substances that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substance |
| Atom | smallest particle of an element that as the characteristics of that element |
| water freezes from the top down, not bottom up like most liquids | |
| Cohesion | forces of attraction between molecules of a single substance. For water, these forces are called hydrogen bonds. This causes surface tension |
| adhesion | Forces of attraction between molecules of different substances. Water is attracted to other polar molecules, but not nonpolar molecules |
| Polar molecule | water molecules have a slight positive charge on the hydrogen side and a slight negative charge on the oxygen side. |
| cohesive | water molecules are attracted to (stick to) other water molecules. This explains eater's very spherical drop shape |
| surface tension | the top layer of water molecules are extra cohesive and create a skin-like surface |
| Adhesive | water can slo stick to other molecules! ester climbs against gravity to bring water to a plant due to its adhesion to the stem |
| Density | Water becomes less dense when it freezes. This causes ice to float on water! this supports the survival of aquatic life during the winter. |
| heat capacity | it takes a lot of heat to make water hot. This helps regulate ranges world-wide |
| Naturally occurs in all 3 states | you can find examples of water in all 3 phases in nature! Gas: water vapor in the air Liquid: water in a pond Solid: ice on the surface of a pond |
| universal solvent | water dissolves a lot of other substances! its charged molecules attract other molecules and can dissolve them. EX: Water and salt |
| A chemical reaction is a process that _____________ | Trasfprms one set of chemicals in another |
| Specialized proteins called __________ (biological __) help chemical reactions happen in cells | enzymes and catalysts |
| Enxyme | Molecules that are only found in living things |
| Catalyst | Control chemical reactions or help them begin |
| Active site | A special pocket on their surface |
| Substrate | the molecule they act on.... fits neatly into that pocket |
| Products | New substances are called products |
| Denatured | when an enzyme changes enough that it stops working |
| why do all cells need enzymes? | Specialized proteins called enzymes (biological catalysts) help chemical reactions ha |
| what are enzymes made of? | They are made of proteins, which are chains of amino acids |
| after an enzyme has helped to make a reaction happen, it is "done"? Can it "work" again? | No, they can can work again because they remain unchanged in the reaction, this allows them to bond with new substances and catalyze multiple reactions |
| Why is a lock and key a good analogy to an enzyme and its substrate | because each enzyme has an active site that fits only specific substrates, just like a lock only fits a particular key. |
| Name 3 factors that can affect an enzyme's ability do its job | Temperature, Ph, and the concentration of the enzymes |
| How do you find the oxidation number | The oxidation number of each element in a binary ionic compound is equal to the charge on that element |
Created by:
Christmascat2018
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