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chapter 6 HW
HW answers
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The branch of chemistry that studies __________ changes is called thermodynamics. | Energy |
| What is the term for the ability to do work? | Energy |
| The energy that flows through most biological systems on Earth ultimately comes from which source? | The sun |
| Which of the following describe how energy is used in chemical reactions? | Energy stored in certain chemical bonds can be used to make new bonds. |
| All living things require which of the following, in order to carry out chemical reactions and thereby survive? | Energy |
| Which of the following is the branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes? | Thermodynamics |
| Heat is a measure of the random ________ of molecules | Motion |
| Work in the cell or in the physical world can only be done with expenditure of _______________ ; it is defined as the capacity to do work. | Energy |
| With very few exceptions, all energy that enters biological systems ultimately comes from the | Sun |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | The transformation of energy from one form to another increases entropy |
| __________ stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule can be used to make new bonds in a different molecule. | Chemical energy |
| All activities of living organisms involve changes in _______ , which is the ability to do work. | Energy |
| The energy available to do work in a system is called ________ energy. | Free |
| Heat is a form of Blank______ energy, because it reflects the random motion of molecules. | Kinetic |
| The process of influencing chemical bonds to lower the activation energy of a reaction is called ______. | Catalysis |
| All cells use a molecule called ________ to carry and release energy cyclically. | ATP |
| Which of the following is another way to state the second law of thermodynamics? | Entropy increases |
| Hydrolysis of which covalent bonds in ATP releases a considerable amount of energy? | Phosphate-phosphate bond |
| Which of the following describe how energy is used in chemical reactions? | Energy stored in certain chemical bonds can be used to make new bonds. |
| When two reactions are coupled in a cell, what determines if they will both proceed spontaneously? | The sum of ΔG of the two coupled reactions (the overall ΔG) should be negative. |
| What is the term used to describe the energy of a system that is available to do work? | Free energy |
| Any agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed or consumed by it is known as a(n) | Catalyst |
| The steps in the ATP cycle. | Hydrolysis of ATP to release energy that can be used to drive endergonic reactions Synthesis of ATP using energy released from exergonic reactions |
| What molecule is a common energy source for living organisms? | ATP |
| ________ are proteins or RNA molecules that act as catalysts to speed up reactions in living organisms. | Enzymes |
| The hydrolysis of ATP has Blank______. | a negative ΔG |
| What is a substrate? | A reactant molecule that forms a temporary association with an enzyme before being converted to a product |
| Cells use _______ hydrolysis to drive endergonic reactions. | ATP |
| The energy available to do work in a system is called ______ energy. | Free |
| Enzyme-mediated chemical reactions take place when the substrate molecules bind to the _______ ________ of an enzyme. | Active site |
| The two main steps in the ATP cycle are the synthesis of ATP from ________ and Pi, and the subsequent hydrolysis of ATP, which releases _________ that drives endergonic reactions. | ADP energy |
| What are enzymes? | Proteins or RNA molecules that act as catalysts. |
| ________ or reactants, are molecules that bind to an enzyme and are converted to products in chemical reactions. | Substrates |
| Which of the following describes the active site of an enzyme? | It is the part of the enzyme where the substrate fits. |
| The bacterial enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase contains multiple copies of each of three enzymes for a total of 60 protein subunits. the example ________ | a multienzyme complex |
| The optimum pH of most enzymes is: | 6 to 8 |
| Which of the following are included in metabolism? | Both the synthesis and breakdown of organic molecules |
| Each _______ in a biochemical pathway acts on the products of the previous reaction | Enzyme |
| Certain reactions in cells are endergonic. How do cells make those reactions proceed? | They couple them with ATP hydrolysis. |
| When several enzymes that catalyze different steps of a sequence of reactions are associated with one another in a noncovalently bonded assembly, they form a(n) ________ complex | Multienzyme |
| In order to function efficiently and to conserve energy and raw materials, a cell Blank______. | maintains biochemical pathways active only when their products are needed |
| What statement describes metabolism? | Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism. |
| A ___________ ___________ is a sequence of reactions occurring in an individual cell that are organized so that the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next. | metabolic pathway |
| Select reasons why metabolic pathways are regulated. | By regulating metabolic pathways, cells waste less energy. By regulating metabolic pathways, cells conserve raw materials. Regulation allows cells to operate efficiently |
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