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CJA ch. 12-15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| incarceration | Confinement against one’s will in the criminal justice system (in a jail or prison) or a mental health facility (a secure psychiatric institution). |
| jail | Municipal or regional facility that houses pretrial individuals believed to present a risk of danger or flight, those awaiting probation or parole revocation, and those sentenced to less than year incarceration. |
| prison | A secure state or federal facility that holds offenders sentenced to incarceration of 1 year or more. |
| minimum-security prison | An institution that holds offenders who have short sentences, are nonviolent, and are unlikely to attempt escape or pose risks to others in the facility. |
| medium-security prison | An institution in which inmates are under greater control than in minimum-security prisons, and their freedom of movement is restricted to areas that are under close surveillance. |
| maximum-security prison | An institution in which inmates are subject to high levels of control and where their mobility is severely restricted by physical barriers. |
| supermaximum-security (supermax) prison | A facility that provides the highest level of security possible—solitary confinement—using the latest correctional technology. |
| classification | Determination of which inmates go to which institutions and the specific conditions under which they will be confined. |
| security level | The degree of danger associated with the inmates being housed in a prison. |
| custody level | The degree of danger an inmate poses to other prisoners and to correctional staff. |
| risk classification | An assessment of the level and kind of risk an individual presents to correctional staff and other inmates. |
| hands-off doctrine | An approach that made courts reluctant to interfere with prison management or prisoner rights. |
| good time credits | Time taken off a prison sentence for an inmate’s satisfactory behavior or for participating in a prison program. |
| total institution | A facility responsible for, and in control of, every aspect of life for those who live and work within it, including food, shelter, medical assistance, clothing, and safety. |
| institutionalization | The state of being dependent on an institution to meet one’s basic needs—such as those for food, shelter, and friends—to the point of being unwilling, or unable, to function in the outside world. |
| prisonization | A process of socialization whereby prisoners adopt the norms, values, and beliefs of the inmate subculture as their own. |
| inmate subculture | The norms, values, and beliefs that develop among prisoners. |
| deprivation model | The perspective that the hardships prisoners endure lead to the development of a distinctive way of behaving in prison. |
| pains of imprisonment | The deprivations inmates experience, such as those related to liberty, autonomy, security, personal goods and services, and heterosexual relations. |
| inmate code | Rules of behavior that inmates follow. |
| importation model | The perspective assuming that inmate subculture does not develop as a result of prison circumstances but rather is brought in, or imported, from the outside when off enders enter. |
| security threat group (STG) | Inmates who, when they collaborate, can jeopardize the institution’s security. |
| solitary confinement | Isolation of an inmate that denies the person the basic human need to interact with others. |
| punitive segregation | Isolation of an inmate for disciplinary reasons, to provide additional supervision and control of the individual. |
| administrative segregation | Placement of an inmate in solitary confinement to provide him with supervision, protection, and control beyond that given to general prison population. |
| Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) | Legislation that established the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission to develop national standards for detecting and preventing prison rape, as well as for punishing perpetrators. |
| civil commitment | The process in which a judge decides that a person is mentally ill and is a danger to himself or others, and incarcerates that person indefinitely in a mental hospital rather than a prison. |
| conjugal visit | An extended private visit by an inmate’s lawful spouse or registered domestic partner. |
| community corrections | Court-imposed programs and sanctions that allow offenders to serve their sentences within the community instead of in jail or prison. |
| probation | An alternative to jail or prison in which the offender remains in the community under court supervision, usually within the caseload of a probation officer who is an officer of the court. |
| recognizance | Literally, “an obligation to the court” that usually requires the accused, if released on his own word, to perform some legally specified act, such as appearing at trial, as an alternative to being incarcerated. |
| intensive-supervision probation (ISP) | A variety of probation programs characterized by smaller officer caseloads and closer surveillance. |
| parole | An early release from prison conditional on complying with certain standards while free. |
| parole board | A group of people authorized by law to grant permission for selected offenders—after serving a portion of time in prison—to serve their remaining sentence in the community. |
| mandatory release | Early release mandated by law after an offender has served a specified time in prison. |
| discretionary release | A procedure by which a parole board decides whether the offender meets eligibility requirements and is ready to be released from prison. |
| unconditional release | Release of an inmate from prison without parole. |
| intermediate sanctions | Judicial punishments that do not require incarceration but stop short of allowing offenders to remain in the community on probation with minimal supervision. |
| diversion | An intermediate sanction that is used in place of incarceration and may prevent offenders from having a criminal charge and record. |
| community service | Performance by an offender of free labor for the community as reparation for the injury done to society. |
| restorative justice | A process that involves all the persons who have a stake in an offense coming together to jointly resolve the disruption, damage, and injury so that the end result is a restoration of the disrupted relationships. |
| restitution | Court-ordered reparations with services and/or monetary repayment to the victim for losses, damages, or expenses suffered at the hands of the offender. |
| fines | Payments, imposed by judges, that require offenders to pay or forfeit a specific sum of money as a penalty for committing an offense. |
| day fines | Fines based on what is fair for a specific offender to pay; also called structured fines. |
| forfeiture | Confiscation by law enforcement of profits made by committing a crime and of property used to commit a crime. |
| victim–offender mediation | A process that brings victims and offenders face-to-face to work out a restitution and restorative strategy under the direction of a trained counselor or mediator. |
| house arrest (home confinement) | An intermediate sanction that restricts offenders to their homes during the time they are not working or attending treatment programs. |
| electronic monitoring | Enforcing house arrest or monitoring the whereabouts of an offender through electronic sensors, placed around the offender’s ankle, that send a continuous signal. |
| shock program | A short-term incarceration program used to frighten the offender by instilling uncertainty about whether the offender will be released and, if so, when. |
| shock probation | A combination of probation and short-term incarceration. |
| probation kiosk | An automated reporting machine, resembling an ATM or a computer that monitors low-risk nonviolent offenders. |
| global positioning system (GPS) | A satellite-based system that can calculate users’ exact locations, direction, and speed. Many states use GPS systems to monitor sex offenders while they are on parole. |
| work and study release (furlough) | Partial release of inmates to work or study in the community and return to a correctional facility each night. |
| psychic trauma | Severe emotional stress that immobilizes the victim’s mind and body and can result in long-lasting emotional injury. |
| dark figure of crime | The number of victims who did not officially report their victimizations to the police. |
| primary victim | A person injured or killed as a direct result of a criminal act. |
| secondary victim | An individual who experiences sympathetic pain as a result of a primary victim’s suffering. |
| secondary victimization | A negative situation that results from the insensitivity and abuse of the primary victim by family, medical personnel, police, and judges; manifested in the process of trying to help the victim and in prosecuting, punishing, and treating the offender |
| survivor | A relative or loved one of a person who has been killed; also, a crime victim who copes well and manages to resume a normal life. |
| crime victimization | Injuring or killing a human being through behavior that is prohibited by law; the term focuses on the victim rather than on the offender or the criminal event. |
| victim recidivism | Victimization of a person, household, or business more than once; also called repeat victimization. |
| victim services | Dedicated activities conducted to help reduce victims’ suffering and facilitate their recovery so that they can return to a normal life. |
| victim advocate | A person who is a direct provider of victim services and who works in intimate partner violence programs, rape crisis centers, district attorneys’ offices, etc. |
| crime victim compensation | Programs administered at the state level to provide financial assistance to victims and their families. |
| short-term therapy | Treatment usually administered by clinical psychologists, clinical social workers, and marriage and family counselors to address immediate mental health concerns. |
| long-term therapy | Treatment focusing on the victim’s responses to trauma, symptoms of PTSD, anxiety disorders, depression, terminal conditions, and dysfunctional behaviors that render victims vulnerable. |
| vicarious trauma (compassion fatigue) | Psychological distress experienced by those who know about a traumatic event experienced by another person and who feel the victim’s pain. |
| crisis intervention | Immediate psychological assistance after a traumatic event. |
| sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) | Nurse who provides 24-hour first-response medical care and crisis intervention for rape victims in hospitals and clinics. |
| Adult Protective Services | State services provided to dependent adults who are in danger of being mistreated or neglected, who are unable to protect themselves, or who have no one to assist them. |
| TRIAD | A collaborative effort among police departments, sheriff’s offices, and senior groups (like AARP) to reduce crime and the victimization of elder adults. |
| sexual assault response team (SART) | In many states, a collaboration of local police officers, victim advocates, SANE practitioners, and prosecutors seeking to determine the most effective way to respond to sexual assault. |
| infancy defense | A defense holding that children under age 7 could not be criminally prosecuted because they were too young to form mens rea, or criminal intent. |
| binding out | The practice of sending children to live with relatively wealthy families who provided the child with the basic necessities of life in return for labor. |
| reform school | An industrial school that housed children who were delinquent, disobedient, or otherwise wayward. |
| child savers | Women in the 1800s who lobbied for child labor regulations, laws against child abuse, and a specialized justice system that would focus on the needs of youths. |
| parens patriae | A legal doctrine that gives the government authority to step in and make decisions about children, even against the wishes of their parents, when doing so is in the children’s best interests. |
| juvenile delinquency | Illegal acts that are committed by minors. |
| status offense | An offense that is illegal only because the defendant is a child, such as playing truant or running away. |
| arrest rate | The number of arrests per 100,000 persons. |
| juvenile justice system | The juvenile justice system is the main formal legal structure used to respond to and process minors who commit crimes. |
| waiver | A mechanism to permit the transfer of some juvenile offenders to adult court. |
| judicial waiver | Means by which a judge designates a juvenile to be tried in adult court. |
| statutory exclusion | The categorical exclusion, by state law, of certain ages and offenses from juvenile court jurisdiction. |
| direct file (prosecutorial waiver) | A method that allows the prosecutor to choose whether to bring the juvenile’s case to juvenile or adult court. |
| juvenile hall | A juvenile detention center. |
| intake | The process during which an official decides whether to release the juvenile or refer the case to court or put the juvenile under some other supervision. |
| delinquency petition | The formal document that initiates a juvenile case and lays out the specific allegations against the child; serves much the same function as a criminal complaint. |
| intake officer | The probation officer who makes the initial decision about whether to proceed with a case. |
| informal probation | A situation in which as long as the child obeys certain conditions and stays out of trouble, the case will not proceed any further, such as to court. |
| diversion program | A program that handles juvenile cases informally rather than formally through the juvenile court and that is intended to rehabilitate, provide more effective early intervention, and reduce juvenile court caseloads. |
| teen court | A court in which teenagers serve as jurors and often as judges, attorneys, and bailiffs as well. |
| preventive detention | Custodial holding of children accused of crimes, to ensure they appear in court but also to protect them from adverse home conditions or to prevent them from committing additional offenses while their case is pending. |
| risk assessment instrument | A worksheet that measures the degree of risk present in a given case. |
| adjudication hearing | A hearing to determine whether the juvenile committed the action as charged. |
| adjudicated delinquent | The equivalent in the juvenile system of being found guilty in adult court. |
| disposition | The result or outcome for those juveniles adjudicated delinquent. |
| sealed | A term describing a juvenile record that is made inaccessible. |
| expunged | A term describing a court record that is destroyed or made legally unavailable. |
| boot camp | A facility that uses a model of military basic training, strict discipline, rigid rules, and behavior modification to command the attention of out-of-control delinquent juveniles. |
| Child Protective Services (CPS) | County-level government organizations in all 50 states whose trained staff members investigate allegations of child abuse and neglect. |
| mandatory reporting law | Law requiring that professionals who have regular contact with a child report any reasonable suspicions of physical or sexual abuse or neglect to the proper law enforcement or protective services agencies. |
| Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA) | A volunteer selected by the courts to protect the rights and interests of child victims of abuse. |
| cybercrime | Any crime that relies on a computer and a network for its commission; crime that exploits the electronic highway over which computer transmissions travel. |
| data breach | An incident in which sensitive, protected, or confidential data have been viewed, stolen, or used by an unauthorized individual. |
| hacktivism | The practice of gaining unauthorized access to a computer system and carrying out various disruptive actions as a means of achieving political or social goals. |
| ransomware | A malicious software targets critical data and systems for the purpose of extortion. |
| denial of service attack | An act done with the intention of compromising the availability of networks and systems. |
| computer forensics | Application of the knowledge and methods used in computer science to law enforcement purposes (such as recovery of deleted files or website activity). |
| transnational crime | Crime orchestrated across a national boundary from where the crime actually occurs |
| identity theft | Unauthorized use of another person’s identifying information to obtain credit, goods, services, money, or property, or to commit a misdemeanor or felony. |
| terrorism | Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents. |
| USA PATRIOT Act | enacted by Congress following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, intended to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and to strengthen measures to prevent and detect terrorism. |
| USA FREEDOM Act | imposes new limits on the bulk collection of telecommunications metadata. It also restores authorization for roving wiretaps and tracking lone wolf terrorists. |
| intelligence | Product of the application of analytical reasoning to data or information in order to develop a reliable picture of an environment or a situation. |
| intelligence-led policing (ILP) | Collaborative collection and analysis of data by intelligence analysts, field officers, and senior leaders. |
| fusion center | Regional intelligence hub that pools and analyzes information from many jurisdictions and shares it with those to whom it directly applies |
| precursor crime | Offense committed for the purpose of enabling acts of terrorism, such as illegal border crossings or forged documents. |
| lone wolf | A terrorist who is not a member of a known terrorist group and who does not take orders from a chain of command when conducting acts of terror. |
| crowdsourcing | An online, distributed problem-solving and production model that leverages the collective intelligence of online communities to serve specific organizational goals. |
| hate crime | Criminal offense committed because of the victim’s race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or other group affiliation. |
| penalty enhancer | Attribute that adds to the penalty for a crime. |
| civil disorder | Disturbance by a group of people that is symptomatic of a major sociopolitical problem. |
| crowd | A leaderless group of individuals, generally respectful of the law, drawn together by common values about a current matter. |
| mob | A group that is not law-abiding, with a leader, that is ruled by emotion. |
Created by:
katpshaw