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CHEM 121

General Chemistry I-Starting with Ch 5

TermDefinition
System That part of the universe that we are studying. A certain amount of matter or a certain region of space.
Surroundings The matter or space outside the system. Usually only that matter or space that is affected by the system.
Isolated System Neither matter nor energy can cross the boundary between system and surroundings.
Closed System No matter can cross the boundary between system and surroundings, but energy can.
Open System Both matter and/or energy can cross the boundary between system and surroundings.
Energy The property of a system that allows it to do work or transfer heat.
Kinetic energy Energy due to motion
Potential Energy Energy stored in the system due to its position, configuration, or composition.
Work/w Energy expended to move an object against a force. A form of energy.
Heat/q Energy transferred from a hotter object to a colder one. A form of energy.
E/Internal Energy The sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of a system.
Delta E (triangle E) The change in internal energy of a system. A system's internal energy changes because it expends/absorbs an amount of energy as work or heat.
1st Law of Thermodynamics The change in internal energy of a system = (heat/q added to or released by the system) + (work/w done on or by the system)Also shown as Delta E=q + w
Enthalpy/H E + PV Energy + Pressure *Volume
Delta H Change in Enthalpy. Heat/q added to or released by a system at constant pressure.
Delta H _rxn Heat given off (+) or absorbed (-) by the system during the course of a reaction that occurs at constant pressure
Delta H_f Heat of reaction that produces one mole of a product from the elements.
Delta H = (-) Exothermic Heat is a product A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings.
Delta H = (+) Endothermic Heat is a reactant A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings.
State function A property of the system for which the change in its value can be determined from the initial and final states, independent of the of the path taken to get there. Pressure, temp, volume, energy, enthalpy.
Shells Electrons are organized in shells around the nucleus. Designated by the value of the quantum number n. Closest to nucleus is shell 1.
Subshells Each shell is made up of one or more subshells. Designated by quantum number l and by letters. l=n-1.
Orbitals Each subshell is made up of one or more orbitals of a given 3D shape. These orbitals are numbered and designated by the quantum number m. m=-l to + l.
Atomic radius 1/2(bond distance for two atoms of the same element)
Periodic trends for representative elements Atom size increases as you go down and left. IE_1 increases as you go up and right with exceptions. EA becomes more negative (more favorable) as you go up and right, with exceptions.
Created by: ljdushaw
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