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Unit 1 Test
CVT 115-70 Echocardiography Fundamentals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the normal value for right ventricular fractional area change when assessing RV systolic function? Greater than 1200 mmHG Greater than 55% Greater than 9.5 cm/sec Greater than 35% | Greater than 35% ;Fractional area change is a measure of right ventricular systolic function. The normal value is 35% or greater. Fractional shortening is a measure of left ventricular systolic function. The normal value is 25% or greater. |
| How is ejection fraction expressed? Liters per minute Cubic centimeters Liters per minute/meter squared A percentage | A percentage ;Normal ejection fraction is 62 plus or minus 12 percent. |
| What is the normal value for fractional shortening when measuring systolic function? >25% >62% >35% >55% | >25% |
| What position is the patient in for the subcostal views? | supine with knees bent |
| What is the recommended way to measure systolic function if three-dimensional volumes are unavailable? M-Mode of the PSAX Teicholtz method Simpson’s method Intra-observer method | Simpson’s method |
| What parts of the cardiac cycle must measurements be taken in to calculate the ejection fraction. Diastole and systole Onset of diastole and onset of systole Isovolumic contraction time End diastole and end systole | End diastole and end systole |
| Which direction should a probe be moved to eliminate foreshortening from an apical view? Rotate counter clockwise Slide up Rotate clockwise Slide down | Slide down ;Foreshortening the apical view means that you are not low enough on the body and the apex of the LV is not being imaged. Sliding down an intercostal space or two will allow the beam to travel through the apex and see the entire LV |
| What is the percentage of the left ventricular diastolic volume that is ejected with systole? Teicholtz method Ejection fraction Fractional shortening Simpson’s method | Ejection fraction ;EF = [end-diastolic volume (EDV) – end-systolic volume(ESV)/End-diastolic volume (EDV)] x 100 |
| What is the biggest source of error in measuring the LV using Simpson’s biplane method? Extrapolating Tracing errors Cardiac cycle errors Foreshortening errors | Foreshortening errors ;All the answer choices are potential sources of errors when measuring the LV volume and ejection fraction, but foreshortening remains the most common error. Slide down to next intercostal space to eliminate/reduce foreshortening. |
| In what part of the cardiac cycle do you measure the left sinus of valsalva, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta? Mid-systole Onset of systole End-diastole End-systole | End-diastole |
| In what part of the cardiac cycle do you measure left ventricular outflow track? End-diastole Onset of systole Mid-systole End-systole | Mid-systole |
| Explain the positioning of the ECG leads during an echocardiogram. Red, white, and black | red - left lower rib, white - top right just below clavicle, black - top left just below clavicle |
| When is qualitative assessment of the right ventricle size most likely inaccurate? | when the left ventricle is enlarged the right ventricle cannot be compared to it to qualitatively assess right ventricular size |
| What position is the patient in for the suprasternal views? | supine with chin tilted back and head turned to the right |
| All of the following are associated with systole except: Isovolumic contraction time Rapid ejection phase Deceleration phase Isovolumic relaxation time | Isovolumic relaxation time |
| In what part of the cardiac cycle do you measure the left atrium? Onset of systole Mid-systole End-systole End-diastole | End-systole |
| In what part of the cardiac cycle do you measure the left ventricular wall thicknesses? Onset of systole End-diastole End-systole Mid-systole | End-diastole |
| What is the percentage of change in the RV cavity area between end-diastole and end-systole? Right myocardial performance index Fractional area change Ejection fraction Fractional shortening | Fractional area change ;Fractional area change estimates global RV systolic function |
| What is the normal value for ejection fraction when measuring systolic function? >25% >62% >35% >55% | >55% |
| What is the percentage of change of the LV end diastolic cavity dimension following systole? Simpson’s method Fractional shortening Teicholtz method Ejection fraction | Fractional shortening ;FS is basically the amount of dimension that is lost in systole. It is used in pediatric echo, but is being calculated by the machine in every echo that is performed. It's shown on the screen when the EF is displayed |
| How can you determine if you are foreshortened from the apical views? | basketball shaped, different lengths between 4ch and 2ch Simpson's method |
| What probe maneuver must be performed to eliminate foreshortening? | slide inferiorly |
| What term is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat? Stroke volume Ejection fraction Fractional shortening Cardiac output | Stroke volume ;Stroke volume is normally between 70-100cc. It can be determined by echo by the 2D method or the Doppler method. |
| In what part of the cardiac cycle are the right ventricle dimensions measured? End – diastole Diastole Systole End – systole | End – diastole ;All chambers must be measured at there largest to assess for chamber enlargement. Both ventricles are largest at end-diastole since they have just been filled to max capacity. |
| What position is the patient in when performing parasternal and apical views? | left lateral decubitus |
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Gluis5974