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Ming & Qing Dynasty
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dynasty: | Rulers who have come from the same family for many years. |
| Mandate of Heaven: | Aka: The will of Heaven The right to rule granted by the heavens |
| Dynastic cycle: | The Dynastic cycle follows a pattern: 1. A new dynasty emerges 2. Generation goes by, the new dynasty becomes old 3. The dynasty loses the mandate of heaven. 4. A new ruler claims the Mandate of Heaven and restores peace so china This cycle repeats |
| Confucius: | Early Life: Abandoned by his father/family, had a difficult childhood -Came from a humble background -Became a teacher (taught history,music and moral character -then he became a minister in his home government |
| Analects: | A book (like the Bible), that Confucius teachings were recorded in. |
| Filal Piety: | -Children practice Filial Piety. -Filial Piety means respect for their parents and the elderly There are two ways of showing Filial Piety which are: 1. Children devote themselves to their parents 2. Continue to honor them after their death |
| Education: | Education became the key to success in China. Those who had strong education had the best jobs and held the most respect and honor. Education was believed to fix human action |
| 5 Basic Confucian relationships: | 5 basic relationships: 1. Ruler-Subject 2. Father-Son 3. Husband-Wife 4. Older brother-Younger brother 5. Friend to Friend (The only equal relationship) |
| Ideal jobs in Confucianism: | Best jobs were: 1.Gentry:scholar officials who wisely ruled the people:Heredity and merit based (highly educated) 2. Farmers:produce the wealth of the society 3.Artisans/craftsman:reuse the wealth produced by farmers 4.Merchants:distribute the wealth |
| What is the first part of the Dynastic Cycle? | A new Dynasty emerges when China sees the following signs: - Bring Peace -Re(builds) infrastructure -Gives land to peasants -Protects people (Altogether, peace returns to China) |
| what is the second part of the Dynastic Cycle? | Time passes (generation goes by), and the new Dynasty becomes old -Taxes people too much -Stops protecting people -Lets infrastructure decay -Treats people unfairly |
| What is the third part of the Dynastic Cycle? | The old dynasty loses the Mandate of Heaven. Because of this, China experiences problems such as: -Food, earthquake, etc - Peasant revolt - Invaders attack empire - Bandits raid countryside |
| What is the last part of the Dynastic Cycle? | A new ruler claims the Mandate of Heaven when he restores peace and stability to China. -The Cycle restarts again. |
| What were Confucian teachings about? | 1. He was NOT interested in the afterlife, heaven and hell, and salvation of the soul -Because of this Confucianism is not a religion, but an ethical system. 2. He believed in being happy now Life is simple, don't make it complicated Treat others well |
| What did Confucius believe about Humans? | He believed that Human nature is good, but human action can be bad. But, the bad action from humans can be corrected through education. |
| In Confucianism, ______ treatment and worship was important. | Ancestor worship and respectful treatment was VERY IMPORTANT to Confucianism. |
| What did the Confucianism beliefs say about the five basic relashionships? | 1. If society was organized around five basic relationships, social order and peace could be restored. 2. Everyone has duties and responsibilities. He taught people to accept their place in society |
| What were the responsibilities of the inferior and superior positions? | The superiors would take care and set a good example to the inferior, and in return the inferiors owed loyalty and obedience to their superior. |
| What were the superior positions? | Ruler, Father, Husband and older brother |
| What were the inferior positions? | Subject, son, wife and younger brother |
| Were there any equal positions? If so, what? | Friend to friend was the only equal relationship. |
| What was very important to confucianism? | Family is VERY IMPORTANT TO CONFUCIANISM. 3 of the 5 basic relationships concern family. |
| Why was the merchant job the worst job when they made the most money? | Because they were not well respected and they took profit from those who made it. In Confucianism, it was very important to them that they were respected, so they would rather honor their families then be very wealthy. |
| Emperor Hong Wu: | Aka: Zhu Yuanzhang -A Chinese Rebel Army leader -Overthrew the Mongol Yuan dynasty -Established the Ming Dynasty -Set out to revive traditional Chinese rule, and revived the civil service exam -Under his rule, the Ming thrived |
| Ming Dynasty: | Ming means: "Bringer of light" or "bright and shining" -The dynasty brought 300 years of peace and prosperity to China -Pro-agrarian policies, merit-based gov't jobs, diplomacy -Tribute systems and voyages -Expanded and became unstoppable |
| Nanjing: | The first Ming capitol Established by Hong Wu |
| Emperor Yong Le: | -Hong Wu's son -Moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing (moved capital north) -The emperor who conducted voyages with Zheng He -He rebuilt the great wall -strengthen the Ming empire -Part of the dynasty started from Hong Wu -Created encyclopedia |
| Beijing: | The new capitol moved by Yong Le -The city was enclosed by high walls and featured a great palace—called the Forbidden City—at its heart. In its grand design, the new capital symbolized the power of the Chinese empire. |
| Zheng He: | led a large fleet on seven voyages to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and Africa.He met with foreign rulers and brought back exotic goods, including zebras and giraffes.Main purpose of voyages was to increase the flow of tribute,not to gain land *STUDY SS |
| Matteo Ricci: | He was an Italian priest who came to China to spread Christianity. Instead, he ended up converting to Chinese. Emperor Wanli invited Ricci to live in the Forbidden City in the capital of Beijing Matteo Ricci became a cultural ambassador |
| Porcelain: | Wealthy and respected men collected porcelain Chinese ceramics that was a highly desired good both inside and outside of China |
| Great Wall: | Yong Le rebuilt the great wall, to defend against northern invaders (specifically the Mongols because they were invading) |
| Civil Service Exam: | -Started at age 4 -Boys only could take the exam -Memorize history, Confucian teachings to prepare-> Educated scholar officers -No physical activities allowed -They fished, meditated, wrote poetry and drawings for fun. -No cheating (prevented) |
| Pro-Agrarian Policies: | Most of China's wealth came from agriculture. -Supported farmers -Clear land, tax and land reform, irrigation, systems, silk cultivation) |
| Tribute: | Payment or respect offered by a less powerful state to a more powerful state. For the Ming, their voyages were to show others how great they were, but to mainly collect tribute. |
| Qing Dynasty: | -Qing means pure -Qing dynasty began when the Manchus overthrew the Ming -To remain in power, the Manchus adopted policies that were both tough and generous (making Chinese men shave their heads with braids, but keeping some Chinese culture) |
| Manchu: | -Came from the country of Manchurian -Manchus made up of 1% of the population -Manchu nobility retained large landholdings and revenue from the treasury. |
| Queue: | All Chinese men had to shave their heads and braid their hair in a pigtail called a “QUEUE” (This was under Manchus rule) |
| Emperors Kang Xi and Qian Long: | Both men were wise and capable rulers. They expanded the boundaries of the empire and brought peace and prosperity to China. Qing China became the largest and richest empire in the world. |
| Westerners in Qing China: | -Portugal: First Europeans in China were Portuguese. They traded in the island of Macau -Netherlands: the Dutch obtained trade rights in China because the Dutch performed the Kowtow and paid tributes |
| Macao: | Only the port city of Macau was opened for limited trade with the Portuguese Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a trading post in MACAU, an island off of mainland southern China |
| Portugal: | First Europeans to trade in China (1514) Chinese viewed them as barbarians Portuguese outraged Chinese by Disregarding local trade laws Smuggling Killing, kidnapping, abusing locals … China eventually limited contact w/ outsiders |
| Netherlands: | |
| Great Britain: | Turning point 1793: The British wanted more trade rights but refused to Kowtow or follow Chinese restrictions. Qianlong's response to British request for better trade: "China has no need of your country's manufacturers" |
| End of the Qing Dynasty: | -Corrupt officials -Higher taxes led to unrest -Population growth led to food shortages -Peasant unrest -Isolationism -Foreign nations gained more influence in China |
| End of the Ming Dynasty: | -Long wars w/ the mongols and japan -uniformed, weak military -unfair tax reform led to peasant rebellions -corrupt within the imperial court -Isolationism: policy of cutting off contact with the outside world |
| More info abt Zheng He: | CHECK SLIDE SHOW ABOUT ZHENG HE |
| Emperor Kangxi: | -Put down Mongolian attacks in northern and western frontiers -Reduced taxes and gives land to people -Support the arts and education -Tolerant of Christians "Edict of Toleration" recognizing catholicism in China |
| Emperor Qianlong: | Ruled from 1736-1795 -Expanded the presence of European Merchants, military expansions, missionaries, and patron of arts. |
Created by:
Amanda-C