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__________________ can be defined as a process by which information, meanings and feelings are shared by persons through a common system of verbal and nonverbal symbols, signs or behavior.
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As a process, communication is characterized as:
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PURCOMM
Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| __________________ can be defined as a process by which information, meanings and feelings are shared by persons through a common system of verbal and nonverbal symbols, signs or behavior. | Communication |
| As a process, communication is characterized as: | 1. Dynamic 2. Continuous 3. Adaptive 4. System 5. Transactional |
| Communication is constantly changing because it relies on human perception that can change overtime; therefore, it is irreversible and unrepeatable. | DYNAMIC |
| Communication is an ongoing exchange of meaning-sharing behaviors between/among individuals who operate within a frame of experience; it does not have a beginning, an end, a fixed sequence of events. | CONTINUOUS |
| Communication adjusts to the changes that occur in its physical and psychological environment. | ADAPTIVE |
| Communication involves components that are interrelated and interacting in a cyclic order. | SYSTEM |
| Every communication is a unique combination of people, messages and events; it consists of unending sharing (transmission and reception) of messages among people. | TRANSACTIONAL |
| _________ ___________________ is talking to oneself (self-talk) through internal vocalization or reflective thinking due to some internal or external stimulus. | Intrapersonal Communication |
| In other words, this type of communication takes place within the person. Communication takes place only inside a person's head. | Intrapersonal Communication |
| ____________ ___________________ is a form of communication wherein individuals are engaged actively in the overt and covert transmission and reception of messages. | Interpersonal Communication |
| A two-person communication such as telephone conversation, job interview and doctor-patient conversation. | Dyadic Communication |
| This communication ideally consists of three to six persons such as committee meeting, buzz session and brainstorming activity. | Small group communication |
| _______ __________________ is conveying information to a large audience. It is more sender-focused than intrapersonal and interpersonal forms of communication | Public Communication |
| _________ ___________________ is talking to a large number of people who are gathered for some occasion. The speaker centers the communication event on the audience. | Audience Communication |
| _____ ___________________ is the process by which media companies create and disseminate messages to large audiences as well as the process by which audiences seek for use comprehend, and influence those communications (Littlejohn and Foss, 2011). | Mass Communication |
| _________________ Model considers communication as a one-directional process in which the message is purposely conveyed by a speaker to a listener (Ellis & McClintock, 1990). | Transmission (sender > message - channel > receiver) |
| ______________ Model describes communication as a process in which communicators change roles as sender and receiver and produce meaning by exchanging messages within their own environment and experiences (Schramm, 1997). | Interaction |
| ________________ Model explains communication as a way of creating realities based on our social, relational and cultural backgrounds. | Transaction (This model shows that communication is not a mere exchange of experiences. It rather shows that we intend to build relationships, create intercultural understanding.) |
| __________ context can be described as the declared rules or undeclared norms that guide communication. | Social |
| _____________ context involves our erstwhile socializations and type of association we have forged with other people. | Relational |
| ____________ context consists of an individual's self-concept and self- perception in relation to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, race, gender and sexual orientation. | Cultural |
| _________ communication can be defined as the exchange of ideas that occurs by using words. This can be both written and oral. | Verbal |
| _____________ communication is wordless exchange of information, thoughts, feelings, etc. between or among individuals. | Nonverbal |
| ______________ refers to vocal properties (i.e., pitch, rate, volume, voice quality) and verbal fillers that go along with speech (Andersen, 1999). | (NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION) Paralanguage (Vocalics) |
| _______ _______________ refers to huge body actions (e.g., walking and eating) that are not used as substitute for words. It consists of (a) gesture, (b) facial expression, (c) eye contact and (d) posture. | (NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION) Action Language (Kinesics) |
| ______ _______________ consists of body movements that are used as substitute for letters, words, numbers, phrases and even sentences. | (NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION) Sign Language |
| ______ _____________ refers to the intentional or unintentional display of material things such as the clothes you wear, hair style, the decoration of a room, jewelry, implements, machines, the human body, etc. | (NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION) Object Language (Objectics) |
| __________ ________________ is communication by touch such as a kiss or a tap on the back. It is the most elementary mode of communication and the first an infant ever experienced. | (NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION) Tactile Language (Haptics) |
| __________________ expresses certain types of messages. In America, there are four primary distance zones: (a) intimate, (b) personal, (c) social and (d) public distance. | (NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION) Space/Distance (Proxemics) |
| ______ refers to man's use of time in sending certain types of messages. Time as a form of nonverbal communication can be best explained by the concept of punctuality, willingness to wait and interactions. | (NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION) Time (Chronemics) |
| ____________ is the lack of audible sound, or the presence of sounds of very low intensity. It can be best explained by the statement | (NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION) Silence "What is not said is as important as or even more important than what is said." Sometimes silence can communicate better than word. |
| (PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING THE MESSAGE) _____________ about the message content. | Indecision |
| (PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING THE MESSAGE) Lack of ________________ with the situation or the receiver. | familiarity |
| (PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING THE MESSAGE) _________ conflicts | Emotional |
| (PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING THE MESSAGE) Difficulty in expressing ________. | ideas |
| (PROBLEMS IN TRANSMITTING THE MESSAGE) When speaking, the sender may find that the ____________ in the place is poor, or there may be no proper facilities for the audience to hear the speaker. | acoustics |
| (PROBLEMS IN TRANSMITTING THE MESSAGE) There are written messages that are difficult to understand because of illegibility due to poor ___________ quality. | printing |
| (PROBLEMS IN TRANSMITTING THE MESSAGE) When more than one message is sent on the same subject there is a good possibility of ________________. In such a case, the receiver is uncertain and interpretation may be confused. | contradictions |
| (PROBLEMS IN TRANSMITTING THE MESSAGE) Too many links in communication can _________ the message, as each person may interpret it differently, resulting in a final message that strays from the intended meaning. | distort |
| (PROBLEMS IN RECEIVING THE MESSAGE) The receiver may have physical impairment (difficulty of hearing, poor eye sight) that could cause hindrance in understanding the message. | PHYSICAL DISTRACTION |
| (PROBLEMS IN RECEIVING THE MESSAGE) The receiver may not have enough capacity to concentrate and may get his/her mind wander off the message, that is, sometimes we are thinking of some other issue when a person is telling us something else. | LACK OF CONCENTRAION |
| PROBLEMS IN UNDERSTANDING THE MESSAGE | 1. different cultural backgrounds 2. different interpretation of words 3. different emotional reaction |
| According to DeVito (2005), these are mental constructions used for structuring the experiences you go through on a daily basis. | SCHEMA - It is composed of traces (evidence of experiences in the brain cells) of symbols, images, and meanings that are recorded and stored in your memory. |
| Guiding Principles in Understanding the Nature of Communication | Communication is schema-based &interpretive, lacking automatic connections between minds. It is active, powerful, symbolic, and always produces results; it is also inevitable, irreversible, contextual, developmental, and evolves with media and technology. |
| "Moral principles that govern a person's behavior". It also refers to the branch of knowledge, specifically Philosophy, "that deals with moral principles or concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong". | ETHICS |
| _________ is based on well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues | ETHICS (As pointed out by Velasquez, Andre, Shanks, and Meyer (2010) |
| PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION | 1. Be honest 2. Engage in active listening 3. Withhold judgement 4. Show & maintain professional maturity 5. Accept responsibility |
| In 1964, the term _____ _________ was coined by a media and communication theorists, the Late Marshall Mcluhan, to describe a world where people instantly and easily share culture through the tools of technology. | global village |
| ___________ culture, or cultural products, includes clothing, tools, architecture, technology, arts like pottery and sculpture, audio-visual works such as paintings and music, dance, literature, and food—essentially, the things people create and use. | Material |
| _______________ culture pertains to elements of culture that are intangible such that they have no specific physical manifestation; however, many of them have material representations. | Non-material * e.g. education and knowledge, values and beliefs, language and communication, customs and practices, norms and roles, manners and etiquette, among many others. |
| ___________ are the most evident-words gestures, pictures, clothes, acts or objects that carry a particular meaning - which are recognized only by members of the same culture. | Symbols |
| ___________ are past or present, real or fictitious personas who are respected and admired in a culture. They possess qualities that are highly valued by members of a culture. | Heroes |
| ___________ are a collection of activities such as ways of greetings, paying respect to others, religious and social ceremonies. They hold social significance although often times they are acted out for their own sake. | Rituals |
| ________ are the core of a culture. They consist of a culture's predilection between right and wrong, good and bad, likes and dislikes, and natural or unnatural. They are interconnected with what is moral or ethical standards of a culture. | Values |
| A ______________ can also be described as a smaller group that adheres to differing linguistic or behavioral norms from the larger group within a broader culture (Arent, 2009). | co-culture/subculture |
| According to the famous psychologist J. M. Baldwin, the term denotes acquired modifications in the behavior which help individuals to adjust to their new environment (Sociologyguidecom). | Accomodation |
| Conceived in the fields of anthropology &sociology early in the 20th century, N. L. Cole defines the term as a method by which an individual or group from one culture adopts the customs and principles of another while maintaining their own unique culture. | Acculturation |
| ______________ refers to the fact that the immigrant participates in the host society while maintaining his/her culture of origin. He/she can then mix the values of his/her culture of origin with those of the culture of the host society. | Integration |
| Extreme form of acculturation where minority cultures adopt the dominant culture, often losing their own; can be voluntary or forced. Agents: Language attainment (losing mother tongue for host culture language) &intermarriage. | Assimilation |
| Individuals reject the dominant culture to preserve their original culture, choosing to associate primarily with their own group. | Separation/Segregation |
| Individuals reject both their culture and the dominant culture, struggling to adapt and cutting off communication with both. | Marginalization/Exclusion |
| The belief that one's culture is superior to others, leading to negative judgments about other cultures and barriers in intercultural communication; extreme examples include Nazi Germany and terrorism. | Ethnocentrism (It is the tendency of a group of people to consider their culture as superior to all other cultures.) |
| The idea that all cultures are equal and should be understood in their own context, promoting effective intercultural communication without judgment. | Cultural Relativism (The acceptance that all cultures are equal in value with one another despite their differences.) |
| The concept that diverse cultures blend into one dominant culture, often seen in the U.S.; criticized for reducing diversity and causing the loss of original cultures. | Melting Pot Philosophy (Pertains to the idea that different cultures will blend together and create one ultimate culture.) |
| ____________ refers to the acknowledgement of cultural relativism and promotion of respect for uniqueness and forbearance of diversity of cultures. | Pluralism |
| ___________________ is a phenomenon of cultural diversity where tolerance of different cultures exists with no one culture dominating the others. | Multiculturalism |
| __________ _______________ are a mismatch between the immediate visual impression and the actual properties of the object. They are not malfunctions of the eyes or brain. They are a disagreement between your eyes and your brain. | Optical illusions |
| An umbrella term for all illusions | Visual illusions |
| Pictures or objects that toggle between alternative interpretations. The Rubin's Vase is an ambiguous illusion. | Ambiguous Illusions |
| These illusions distort length, position, curvature, and size. A classic example of this is the Ponzo Illusion, in which two identical lines look like they are different lengths. | Distorting Illusions |
| These would be impossible in three dimensions. However, they look believable in two-dimensional drawings. These illusions rely on the brain's misunderstanding that two edges must always connect. A famous example is "Ascending and Descending," by M.C. | Paradox Illusions |
| _________ illusions can affect pilots in-flight. They may see a false horizon while airborne or a narrow runway when landing. Pilots are trained to identify and disregard this visual misinformation so that they can fly and land their planes safely. | Visual |
| An __________ illusion has been implemented as a safety measure on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive to control motorists' speeds on a notoriously dangerous curve | optical |
| The process of using visual elements to convey ideas, information, and data" in attractive and impressive style. Graphs, charts, maps, font style and size, among others are visual components which can provide meaning, add context, &evoke emotion. | Visual communication |
| _________ communication is a more powerful tool to easily absorb, understand and remember a message. | Visual |
| (TRUE/FALSE) Visual communication saves time by relaying messages faster. | TRUE |
| (TRUE/FALSE) Visual communication ensures that a clear, unified message is delivered. | TRUE |
| (TRUE/FALSE) Visual communication helps to provide a shared, consistent experience. | TRUE |
| (TRUE/FALSE) Visual communication results in better retention of the information. | TRUE |
| ________ ______ are images or pictures that do not move. They may or may not have words that add to the meaning. These are texts that are mediated through film, video, advertising, gaming and the Internet. | Visual texts |
| An ______________ is a paid, impersonal, public communication that is made through channels such direct mail, the phone, print, radio, television, and the internet about events, organizations, people, and places. | advertising |
| An _____________ is referred to as a commercial when it is broadcast on radio or television. | advertising |
| A _____________ is large outdoor advertisement (usually 12 feet x 25 feet) for which rent is charged according to three factors: 1. the amount of traffic that passes its location, 2. its visibility, and 3. its size. (Business Dictionary) | billboard |
| A _________ is a large, usually printed placard, bill, or announcement, often illustrated, that is posted to advertise or publicize something. | poster |
| A ____________ is the final work or product of putting paint, pigment, color, or another media to a hard surface called the "matrix" or "support." | painting |
| A ____________ is the practice of creating images on a surface, typically paper, using marks made with a variety of media, most commonly ink, graphite, chalk, charcoal, or crayon. | drawing |
| ____________ as a formal creative work can be characterized as the predominantly linear representation of real-world things as well as the visualization of ideas, attitudes, emotions, and fantasies through symbols and even abstract forms. | Drawing |
| A ________ ________ is a group of related drawn images that are typically organized horizontally and intended to be read as a narrative or a timeline. | comic strip |
| A __________is a type of illustration, sometimes animated, typically in a non-realistic or semi-realistic style. | cartoon (The specific meaning has evolved over time, but the modern usage usually refers to either: an image or series of images intended for satire, caricature, or humor; or a motion picture that relies on a sequence of illustrations for its animation) |
| A visual representation of information or data. A form of visual communication meant to capture attention and enhance comprehension. It is a collection of imagery, charts, and minimal text that gives an easy-to-understand overview of a topic. | Infographic |
| A _________ is an amusing or interesting item (such as a captioned picture or video) or genre of items that is spread widely online especially through social media. | meme |
| (ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION) The most elementary building blocks of visual composition and at the core of every image . | Points and lines |
| (ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION) Three-dimensional shapes with length, breadth, and depth are called ________. | forms |
| (ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION) They can completely alter the design's aesthetic when employed properly. | Shape and Form |
| (ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION) It is a powerful visual tool that influences emotions and perceptions, with different colors evoking specific feelings, such as calmness from blue or excitement from red. | Color |
| (ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION) The structure behind color. The lightness or darkness of a given hue or color in a visual image. It is the contrast between black and white and all the tones in between. | Value (The huge differences in values is contrast. ) |
| (ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION) The area between and around objects is known as _________. Modifying the quantity of space around an object can change how we see it. | space |
| (ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION) Size establishes the importance of visual elements, with larger objects commanding more attention and guiding viewers to the key design elements and main message. | Scale |
| (ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION) The overall presentation of a design through efficient and thoughtful positioning and sequence of text and images. | Layout |
| (ELEMENTS OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION) The surface characteristic that can be seen and felt is called __________. They might be soft or hard, rough or smooth. | texture |
| The elements on both sides of the design are in similar location and size. They are mirror reflections of each other. This type of balance gives the viewer a sense of structure and formality. An example of this would be the human face. | Symmetrical balance |
| When there is inequality between two sides of the design, yet still balanced - complete and sensible. For example, the image could have one large box on the left side and several smaller boxes on the right. | Asymmetrical balance |
| __________ is the use of several design aspects to keep the viewer's interest and direct their gaze through the artwork. | Contrast |
| The way a viewer's attention is led to travel through a composition-often to areas of emphasis is known as ____________. Within the piece of art, lines, contrasting shapes, or colors can all serve as movement cues. | rhythm or movement |
| When an artist contrasts colors, textures, or shapes to draw your attention to a certain area of the image, they are creating ____________ in their piece of art. | emphasis |
| The recurrence of a shape, form, or texture throughout an artwork is referred to as a ___________. | pattern |
| When the sizes of the components in a piece of art are harmoniously integrated, ______________ is achieved. | proportion |
| When the design principles are in harmony and present in a composition, ________ is produced. While some artists purposely avoid formal unity to evoke feelings of tension and anxiety, some images have a total sense of oneness. | unity |
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