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psych test module 77
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is prejudice? | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members |
| What are the factors involved in prejudice? | negative emotions: Holding emotions such as hostility or fear. stereotypes: Generalized beliefs about a group of people. predisposition to discriminate: Acting in negative and unjustifiable ways toward members of the group. |
| What is the difference between prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination? | Prejudice is a negative belief, often supported by stereotypes. Discrimination is a negative behavior. |
| What is ethnocentrism? | assuming the superiority of one’s ethnic group |
| What is the difference between implicit and explicit prejudice? | explicit—on the radar screen of our awareness. implicit—an unthinking knee-jerk response operating below the radar, leaving us unaware of how our attitudes are influencing our behavior. |
| How do psychologists test for implicit prejudice? | Psychologists have designed tests in which people quickly pair a person’s image with a trait demonstrate that even people who deny any racial prejudice may harbor negative associations. (Banaji & Greenwald, 2013) |
| What research has been conducted on implicit prejudice? | The women gave low evaluations, often with harsh comments, to the essays supposedly written by a White student. When the same essay was attributed to a Black student, their assessment was more positive. (Harber, 1998) |
| How might body language indicate prejudice? | Even people who consciously express little prejudice may give off telltale signals as their body responds selectively to an image of a person from another ethnic group. |
| What is the just-world phenomenon? | the tendency for people to believe the world is just, or fair, and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| How does the just-world phenomenon lead to prejudice? | The just-world phenomenon reflects the common idea that good is rewarded and evil is punished. It is easy then to assume that those who succeed must be good and those who suffer must be bad. |
| What is in group versus out group? | in group “us”—people with whom we share a common identity… out group “them”—those perceived as different or apart from our in-group… |
| What is in group bias? | Once we have identified “us” and “them”, an in group bias—a favoring of our own group—soon follows. |
| What is scapegoating? | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
| What evidence exists for the scapegoating theory of prejudice? | Economically frustrated people tend to express heightened prejudice. Experiments that create temporary frustration intensify prejudice. |
| How do we cognitively simplify the world? | We all categorize people by gender, ethnicity, race, age, and many other characteristics. See slides for more info. |
| How can categories lead to stereotypes? | When we categorize people into groups, we often stereotype. We recognize how greatly we differ from other individuals in our groups. But we overestimate the extent to which members of other groups are alike. |
| What is the other-race effect? | the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races (Also called the cross-race effect and own-race bias) |
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emmalucido