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Psych Chapter 2
Psychology quizlet
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| double blind | when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group |
| median | middle score in a data set; a measure of central tendency |
| experimenter expectancy effect | phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study |
| heuristic | mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world |
| prefrontal lobotomy | surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus |
| control group | in an experiment, the group of participants that does not receive the manipulation |
| existence proof | demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur |
| descriptive statistics | numerical characterizations that describe data |
| reliability | consistency of measurement |
| independent variable | variable that an experimenter manipulates |
| naturalistic observation | watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation |
| random selection | procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate |
| correlational design | research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated |
| placebo effect | improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement |
| blind | unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group |
| experiment | research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable |
| statistics | application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data |
| response set | tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items |
| experimental group | in an experiment, the group of participants that receives the manipulation |
| central tendency | measure of the "central" scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster |
| illusory correlation | perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists |
| standard deviation | a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean |
| internal validity | extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study |
| variability | measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are |
| mode | most frequent score in a data set; a measure of central tendency |
| informed consent | informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate |
| operational definition | a working definition of what a researcher is measuring |
| case study | research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period |
| demand characteristics | cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses |
| mean | average; a measure of central tendency |
| scatterplot | grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person's data |
| validity | extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure |
| inferential statistics | mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population |
| range | measure of variability that consist of the difference between the highest and lowest scores |
| dependent variable | variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect |
| external validity | extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings |
| random assignment | randomly sorting participants into two groups |
| The use of the prefrontal lobotomy was, for quite some time, regarded as a miracle treatment for people suffering from schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. The amazing nature of this treatment was not, however, supported by research into its effectiveness. Which concept of critical thinking is important to consider in this example? | extraordinary claims |
| A student researcher wishes to maximize the external validity of his or her research design. What research method should you recommend to him or her? | naturalistic observational design |
| The most important factor to ensure that one's results apply to other people in other settings is to use __________. | random selection |
| One difficulty of survey research is that people may not answer questions with complete honesty, and thus may skew the results of the study. If people give different answers to a survey question that is asked on different occasions, this would be a particular problem for the critical thinking concept of __________. | replicability |
| Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongestdegree of relation between two variables? | the one closest to -1 or +1 |
| Dr. Francis is conducting a study in which she is examining the impact of a new math tutoring program on elementary school students' performance in a math class. She has hypothesized that the tutoring will significantly increase the performance of students who are enrolled in this program. She has to remember not to let her expectation of an outcome influence her interpretation of the final data. In other words, she needs to defend against the __________ effect. | rosenthal |
| Which ethical requirement of research was not present in the Tuskegee experiment, in which nearly 400 African American men were not told they had syphilis and were denied treatment for its symptoms? | informed consent |
| Professor Bowden is in the middle of her lecture on marital satisfaction when a student in the back interrupts her and says, "Dr. Phil doesn't agree with that theory!" Soon other students chime in to add fuel to the discussion. Professor Bowden just smiles and asks the original student to produce the research that Dr. Phil carried out to justify his statements. What lesson is Professor Bowden trying to teach? | Always check the source of your information before you believe it. |
| What is one take home message from the discussion of autism and facilitated communication? | In almost all cases researched, the data failed to support the idea that facilitated communication was truly effective. |
| When a researcher tests his or her hypothesis, he or she is often hoping to gather information that is consistent with a particular theory. What, more specifically, allows a researcher to say that he or she has "proven" a theory? | A researcher is never really able to say that he or she has "proven" a theory. |
| This research design involves an extremely deep and detailed information gathering from a single individual or a small number of people, often over an extended period of time. | case study design |
| Jasmine took several different self-administered intelligence tests online yesterday and obtained scores of 124, 128, and 125. She felt great, because the score she received from the psychologist last month at school was only a 95. What characteristic might the online tests be lacking? | validity |
| When asked if there are more ice cream cones sold in November or July, Mary answers July immediately. She is surprised to find out that there is little to no difference between the two months in terms of ice cream cone sales. Mary's error is most clearly an example of __________. | illusory correlation |
| Dr. Johansen randomly assigned research participants to three different groups during her last experiment. She then proceeded to give all the participants in the experiment a new study technique designed to enhance their learning for the upcoming test. What critical error did she make during her experiment? | She failed to include a control group |
| One difficulty in conducting medical research is that participants often assume that any treatment will be effective in alleviating their symptoms. Therefore, a researcher has to design an experiment that measures the influence of __________. | the placebo effect |
| Dr. Nolen wants to know the effects of removing portions of one's hippocampus on long-term memory, in the hopes of one day finding a cure for patients with Alzheimer's disease. The subjects for his study are most likely to be __________. | nonhuman animals |
| Once controlled research studies were conducted on the effectiveness of prefrontal lobotomies, they were discovered to be __________. | virtually useless |
| The grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person's data is called a __________. | scatterplot |
| Which of the following is one of the two types of statistics that researchers use to analyze the data that they collect? | descriptive statistics |
| What is the authors' position on the use of animal research in psychology? | Animal research provides important insights but also comes with costs in terms of death and suffering of these subjects. |
| An experiment would be described as __________ when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who is in the experimental or control group. | double blind |
| A mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world is called a __________. | heuristic |
| Jason was conducting an evaluation of a restaurant waitress. He sat at the table with a list of things to observe in front of him, and the waitress noticed that he was assessing her every move. He noticed that she began acting more professionally around him, was friendlier, and gave him extra attention. Why would Jason have been better off using naturalistic observation for this assessment? | So that his observations would not have changed the waitress's behaviors |
| Dr. Potter, an English professor, is curious about his students' attitudes toward one of his favorite books. What research method is he most likely to use to gather this information? | survey |
| The ______ effect is the tendency of ratings of one positive characteristic to influence the ratings of other positive characteristics. | halo |
| If there is no discernible relationship between scores on students' homework assignments and their exam scores in an introductory biology class, we would say that a/an __________ correlation exists. | zero |
| Because he often sees television reports about politicians who have behaved dishonestly and have been prosecuted for ethics violations, Warren tends to believe that all politicians are dishonest and untrustworthy. This is an example of a/an ___________. | illusory correlation |
| Why is it important to make sure that different participant groups are roughly equivalent in terms of personal characteristics (e.g., age, gender) before any independent variable is introduced? | so that no major differences between the groups bias the results of the experiment |
| Which of these is part of the APA ethical principles for human research? | Research participants must give informed consent. |
| A university president asks her psychology department chair if the university has more male or more female undergraduate psychology majors. What measure of central tendency is she asking about? | mode |
| System 1 thinking | a fast, automatic, and intuitive way of thinking that's based on patterns and experiences. |
| System 2 thinking | a slower, more deliberate, and logical way of thinking that the brain uses to solve complex problems also known as analytical |
| Horns effect | a cognitive bias that causes people to form a negative impression of someone or something based on a single negative trait or action |
| Positive, negative, zero correlations | If the correlation coefficient is greater than zero, it is a positive relationship. Conversely, if the value is less than zero, it is a negative relationship. A value of zero indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables. |
| Correlation coefficient | a statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two or more variables |
| Experimental designs | the structured method used to test a hypothesis by manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable |
| Confounding variable | a third variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables in a study |
| Nocebo effect | a psychological phenomenon where a person experiences a negative outcome due to their negative expectations or beliefs about a treatment, rather than the treatment itself. |
| Confederate | a person who is secretly working with the researcher in an experiment, acting as a participant but with a pre-determined role to manipulate the situation and observe how the real participant reacts |
| Deception | the act of intentionally misleading or providing false information to someone |
| Debriefing | a procedure that takes place after a research study or experiment with human participants to ensure their safety and well-being |
| Symmetrical distribution | when the distribution on either side of the mean is a mirror image of the other |
| Skewed distribution | one where frequency data is not spread evenly (i.e. normally distributed); the data is clustered at one end |
| Statistical significance | the likelihood that a result observed in a study is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone |
| Meta-analysis | a research strategy that combines the results of multiple studies to draw conclusions about a research topic |
| Practical significance | a research outcome that measures whether the findings of a study are meaningful in the real world |
| Sharpening | when certain aspects of a memory are exaggerated or made more profound. |
| Leveling | the tendency to omit minor details and distinctions, whereas |
| Pseudosymmetry | the appearance of a scientific controversy where none exists. |
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