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Anatomy-Endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| [...] glands secrete their products through ducts opening onto an epithelium rather than directly into the bloodstream. | exocrine |
| [...] secrete products directly into the bloodstream. They are located in highly vascularized areas to ensure immediate access to bloodstream. | endocrine glands |
| 3 classifications of hormones: | 1. peptide hormones 2. steroid hormones 3. biogenic amines |
| Peptide hormones are formed from chains of [...] | amino acids |
| Most of our body's hormones are [...] hormones | peptide |
| Longer chains of peptide hormones are called [...] hormones | protein |
| Example of a peptide hormone: | Growth hormone |
| Where are peptide hormones secreted? | Into the bloodstream. They have endocrine functions. |
| What is the endocrine system? | A system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone into the blood to regulate the body. It, coupled with the nervous system, are the body's homeostatic system, governing mood, growth, tissue function and metabolism. |
| What are the general features of endocrine glands? | * ductless * vascularity * intracellular vacuoles or granules storing their hormones |
| What are the general features of exocrine glands? | * Less vascular * ducts or hollow lumen |
| What are the major endocrine organs? | Hypothalmus Pineal Gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid Gland Thymus Adrenal Gland Gonads (testes & ovaries) |
| [...] hormones are a type of lipid derived from cholesterol. Examples are [...] and [...] | steroid Examples are testosterone and estrogen |
| [...] are small molecules produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid. Examples are: | biogenic amines Examples are: histmaine, serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine, thyroid hormone. |
| What is a negative feedback loop? | Most common mechanism in homeostatic systems. A stimulus starts a process, and eventually, either the hormone that is secreted or a product of its efffects causes the process to slow down or turn off. (eg. regulating blood glucose levels) |
| What is a positive feedback loop? | One that accelerates the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or speed up. (eg. labor, lactation) |
| The hypothalmus is what type of tissue? | nervous |
| What is the master control center of the endocrine system? | hypothalmus |
| What is the hypothalamus gland? | Above the brain stem & below the thalmus. Connected to pituitary gland & links nervous system & endocrine system via hormones that act on the pituitary. The pit then stimulates other endocrine glands. homeostasis: body temp, appetite, circadian cycles |
| These two hormones are produced by the hypothalmus and are stored in the posterior pituitary: | oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| This hormone regulates the body's water retention. | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin, is released when the body is dehydrated and tells the kidneys to reduce urine volume. It raises the blood pressure. |
| This hormone produced by the hypothalamus is released by the pituitary gland and causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts. | oxitocin |
| The adrenal medulla (fx overseen by the hypothalmus) | The inner most part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. |
| Where is the pituitary gland located? | Within the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone, inferior to the hypothalamus. |
| What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? | The infundibulum (a thin stalk) |
| The pituitary gland is partitioned structurally and functionally into [...] | anterior and posterior lobes |
| Fx of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) | Secretes a lot of hormones regulating growth and reproduction. it accounts for 75% of the total wt of the pituitary. |
| What controls the anterior pituitary gland? | Regulatory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus |
| How do hormones reach the anterior pituitary? | Via the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system. It is essentially a shunt that takes hormone-laden blood directly to the pituitary before the blood returns to the heart. |
| Where is the thyroid gland located? | Immediately inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and anterior to the trachea. |
| Why is the thyroid butterfly-shaped? | Its left and right lobes are connected by a narrow isthmus |
| Why is the thyroid red in color? | It is highly vascularized. |
| Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion depends on a negative feedback process with what gland? | pituitary |
| The thyroid gland is mostly made up of microscopic spherical sacs called: | thyroid follicles |
| follicular cells of the thyroid secrete what two hormones? | thyroxine or T4 (4 atoms of iodine) and triiodothyronine (T3). |
| The only endocrine gland that stores secretory produce in large quantities. | Thyroid |
| Actions of thyroid hormones: | Metabolism Body temp Growth of nervous and skeletal systems |
| What glands stimulate the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones? | Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. |
| Where are the parathyroid glands found? | Embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. (Normally 4 of them) |
| Two types of cells found in the parathyroid: | chief cells and oxyphil cells |
| Fx of parathyroid hormone: | PTH regulates levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in the blood. Stims osteoclasts, resulting in elevated bone resorption, which release calcium and phosphates into the blood. Stims KD to form calcitriol (vitamin D) |
| What is calcitonin? | A thyroid hormone that opposes the effects of parathyroid hormone by removing calcium from blood and putting it into bone. |
| Fx of the parathyroid hormone oxyphil | Unknown |
| Where are the adrenal (suprarenal) glands found? | Paired, pyramid shaped anchored on the superior surface of KDs. They are retroperitoneal and embedded in fat and fascia to minimize movement |
| Layers of the adrenal glands are: | outer adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla (inner core) |
| Why are the adrenals the stress glands? | They serete cortisol, the stress hormone & anti-inflammatory. Cortisol breaks down everything and will eventually shrink the brain |
| Stored lipids give the adrenal cortex what distinctive color? | yellow |
| The adrenal cortex synthesizes more than 25 steroid hormones collectively called: | coricosteroids Production is stimulated by the ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary |
| Fx of corticosteroids: | Regulate salt, sugar, sex |
| The 3 partitions of the adrenal cortex: | 1. zona glomerulosa (mineralcorticoids) 2. zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids) 3. zona reticularis (sex hormone and glucocorticoids) |
| The adrenal medulla is primarily composed of clusters of large, spherical cells called: | chromaffin cells |
| When innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, what hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla? | Fight or flight hormones: Epinephrine (adrenaline): increase heart rate, bp, cardiac output and carb metab. Norepinephrine (raise blood pressure, dilate bronchi) |
| Where are the pancreas located? | Between the duodenum and spleen and posterior to the stomach. |
| Why are the pancreas considered a heterocrine (mixed) gland? | Both endocrine and exocrine activities |
| The pancreas are mostly composed of cells called pancreatic [...] which produce an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids digestion | acini |
| what are the islets of Langerhans? | Small clusters of endocrine cells scattered amond the pancreatic acini. Composed of: alpha & beta cells and delta & F cells (each produce particular hormone) |
| Pancreatic alpha cells secrete: | glucagon when blood glucose levels drop |
| Pancreatic beta cells secrete: | insulin when blood glucose levels are elevated |
| Pancreatic delta cells are stimulate by high levels of nutrients in the blood to: | synthesize somatostatin, which inhibits the secretion of various other hormones such as glucagon, insulin, growth hormone |
| Pancreatic F cells are stimulated by protein digestion to secrete: | pancreatic polypeptide to suppress and regulate somatostatin secretion from delta cells |
| Major function of pancreas | orderly uptake and processing of nutrients |
| Where is the pineal gland? | It is attached to the posterior region of the epithalmus |
| Fx of pineal gland | Secrete melatonin which: *regulates circadian rhythm * affects synthesis of the regulatory hormone responsible for sythesis of FSH and LH (trigger ovulation) |
| Where is the thymus gland? | Within the medastinum, superior to the heart and inferior to the thyroid below the angle of the sternum. |
| The two glands that diminish in size and activity with age, especially after puberty: | thymus and pineal |
| Major fx of thymus: | work in association with the lymphatic system to make antibodies (regulate immunity) Produce thyopoietin and thymosins (allow T-lymphocytes to create antibodies) |
| Other organs that have secondary endocrine fx: | KD, LV, HT, gonads * regulate electrolyte levels in blood * red blood cell production, blood volume, pressure * digestive system activities * sexual maturity and activity |
| What happens to the endocrine system in aging? | * secretion of glands wanes, esp. growth and sex hormones * reduction in growth hormone levels leads to weight and body mass loss * testosterone or estrogen levels decline |
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