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Phonetics
Exam 1
| What does x-ray imaging do? | Allows us to see different articulators interact to create individual and sequences of speech sounds. |
| What are the cons of x-rays? | Risk of radiation. |
| What is electromagnetic articulography? | Helmet on the head receives signals from transmitters placed on the tongue and or other articulators. No radiation use. |
| What is the con of electromagnetic articulography? | Not well tolerated by all people. |
| What is an ultrasound? | Non-invasive method to visualize tongue movement. Relatively safe. |
| What is the con of ultrasounds? | Can't see anything but the tongue. |
| What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? | Allows us to visualize articulators without risk. |
| What is the con of MRI's? | Expensive. |
| What is electropalatography? | Dynamic palatography measures tongue contact to an artificial plate via electrodes. |
| What is the con of electropalatography? | Client has to get fitted and it can be expensive. |
| What is an endoscopy? | Endoscopes pass through the nose and provides a visual of the pharynx or larynx (vocal folds). |
| What is the con of an endoscopy? | Can be uncomfortable, although numbing agents can be used. |
| What is aerodynamic analysis? | A face mask that allows for measurement of airflow from oral and nasal cavities. |
| What is the con of aerodynamic analysis? | Can reveal velophrangeal insufficiencies and submucosal cleft plate. |
| What is acoustic analysis? | Software programs allow us to record and visualize speech acoustics. |
| What entails the respiratory system? | The lungs, rib cage, abdomen, intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, and diaphragm. |
| What are egressive sounds? | Sounds produced with outward flow of air. |
| What are ingressive sounds? | Sounds produced with inflow of air. EX: tongue clicks. |
| What is a breath group? | Sequences of words or sounds produced on a single breath. |
| What is the norm for a breath group? | 10 seconds per breath, pause at phrase or clause boundaries. |
| What is inspiration? | Inhaling. |
| Where do muscles release air into to create speech? | The laryngeal and supralaryngeal system. |
| Can respiratory muscles contract further? | Yes, to emphasize or create loudness. |
| What is the laryngeal system? | The larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and vocal folds (VF). |
| What is another word for larynx? | Voice box. |
| What is another word for trachea? | Windpipe. |
| What is another term for vocal folds? | VF. |
| What are the vocal folds (VF)? | Small cushions of muscles. Typically men have longer VFs than women. |
| What is abduction? | VFs are open (breathing). |
| What is adduction? | Vocal folds come together. |
| What can cause the VFs to cycle through abduction and adduction? | Restoring forces. |
| What creates voice? | Successive pulses of air create sound which equals voice. |
| What is the formula used to calculate the fundamental frequency? | Fundamental frequency (f0)-Rate of VF vibration (in hertz). |
| What is the men's rate of vibration? | Lower or 125/second. |
| What is the women's rate of vibration? | Higher 250/second. |
| What is a child's rate of vibration? | Really high or 500/second. |
| What is the supralaryngeal system? | Pharangeal cavity (pharynx/throat), oral cavity (lips, jaw, tongue), nasal cavity, velum (soft palate), and mobile articulators versus immobile articulators. |
| What is the velophraynx? | Port opening between the oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities. |
| What is the velum? | Soft palate. Raised, lowered or at rest. |
| What is the velopharyngeal wall? | Wall contraction can also close the VP port. Especially for clients with a cleft palate. |
| Oral radiation of sound energy for oral sounds. | p, s, r. |
| Velum is raised sound travels... | Out of the oral cavity. |
| Nasal radiation of sounds for nasal sounds. | Velum is lowered, sounds travel out of nasal cavity. |
| What is the mandible? | The jaw, it moves up, down, back, and forward. |
| Why is the mandible relevant? | For the lower lip and tongue movement. |
| What are the lips? | Move up, down, capable of rounding and protruding. |
| What happens when the lips protrude? | The oral cavity lengthens. |
| What is the tongue? | Connect to the jaw and hyoid bone. |
| Is the tongue hydrostat and what does that mean? | Yes, this means there is no internal skeleton and contains only muscles. |
| Name the feature of the jaw and tongue! | yeah, bro |
| What is the body? | Main bulk or mass of the tongue. |
| What is the apex? | The tip that is visible when the tongue protrudes between the lips. |
| What is the blade? | Behind the apex, before the dorsum. |
| What is the dorsum? | The back of the tongue. |
| What is the root? | Long portion that forms in the pharynx. |
| Do articulators change or grow in adulthood? | Yes. |
| What is phonetics? | The study and production of speech sounds. Spelling doesn't indicate sound. EX: C= cow, circle, |
| What is IPA? | IPA is the International Phonetic Alphabet. |
| What are the 4 tiers to linguistic complexity? | Isolation, word, sentence, and conversation. |
| Give me an example of isolation in linguistic complexity? | /k/ is the c in cow. and this is the easiest to transcribe. |
| Give me and example of word in linguistic complexity? | Cow. |
| Give me an example of sentence in linguistic complexity? | I see a cow. |
| Give me an example of conversation in linguistic complexity? | Did you see that cow? It has a spot shaped like a circle. |
| What is response complexity? | One specific sound like c in cat, p in sleep or s in sink. Or it can be multiple sounds in each word like the c and t in cat. Multiple sound in multiple positions like truck. tr and k. |
| What is system complexity? | Refers to the system you are using to assess and manage speech sound production. |
| What is 2-way scoring? | The easiest way to score. There is correct and incorrect options. It is socially acceptable versus unacceptable. |
| Which way of scoring is used in screenings or evaluations? | 2-way scoring. |
| What is 5-way scoring? | Describes speech sound production as correct or with reference to the kind of error that is being made. |
| What are the 5-way scoring types? | Correction, deletion, substitution, distortion, and addition. All are incorrect except for correction. |
| What is deletion in 5-way scoring.? | A sound is deleted all together. EX: when a child says up instead of cup. |
| What is substitution in 5-way scoring? | One sound is replaced by another. EX: cow is pronounced as tow. |
| What is distortion in 5-way scoring? | One sound is produced that is not quite correct. EX: a child saying buck instead or truck. |
| What is addition in 5-way scoring? | When a sound is added to the speech production of a word. EX: When a child says buh-loo instead of blue. |
| What is transcription? | To describe what the child says rather than score or judge. |
| Does transcription require the use of IPA? | Yes. |
| What is broad transcription? | Very general. |
| What is narrow transcription? | More details and includes diactrics. |
| Chapter 2 | Chapter 2 |
| How many languages are there? | Over 7,000. |
| What is language? | A socially shared code that uses arbitrary symbols and rule governed combinations of symbols to represent ideas, thoughts, and feelings. |
| How is language transmitted? | Through written, manual, signed, and oral transmission. |
| What is grammar? | Rules that govern how units of language can be continued to create meaningful and novel utterances. |
| What is speech? | Physical behavior that encompasses patterns of movement of the speech structures and patterns of acoustic vibration that these movements generate. |
| What are articulatory features? | Actions of the speech musculature. |
| What are acoustic features? | Description of the sound heard. |
| What is sign language? | Manual communication. |
| What is lipreading? | It's literally in the name brother. |
| What is a speech community? | A group of people who live in the same area and use the same language. |
| What is dialect? | The usage patterns within a language. It's easier to identify in speech than in writing, |
| What are regional dialects? | Characteristics of people who live in a geographic area. |
| What leads to the recognition of distinct langauges? | Pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar structure variability. |
| Are dialects considered an error? | No, they are either right or wrong. EX: bag versus beg. |
| What is idiolect? | Idiolect is an individuals unique form of spoken language. |
| What is idiolect influenced by? | Regional background, cultural background, social class, and individual experiences. |
| What is a morpheme? | The smallest element of a language that carries a semantic interpretation or word meaning. EX: ing, s, ed, walk, dog. |
| What is morphology? | The study of morphemes. |
| What is morphemic transcription? | Involves transcription of morphemic content of an utterance. |
| What are morphemes valuable for? | Language analysis and Brown's morphemes (normal speech and language development). |
| What are free morphemes? | They carry a specific meaning when they appear alone. EX: bright, rest, teach, happy. |
| What are bound morphemes? | Must be attached to another morpheme to carry a meaning. EX: un-happy. |
| What are the three most common bound morphemes? | Affix, suffix, and prefix. |
| What are derivational affixes? | Change the word class or meaning of a free morpheme. EX: un-happy. |
| What are inflectional affixes? | Don't change the meaning or word class of a free morpheme (tenses). EX: fasting changes to fasted. |
| What is lexison? | Meaning you acquire when you learn a language. Nuances of vocabulary and language. |
| What are phones? | Speech sound segments. They can be phonemes or allophones. EX: the clicking in Xhosa. |
| What are phenomes? | Basic sound segments that can signal a distinct difference in meaning. EX: cat, bat, rat. |
| Give examples of how phonemes can also appear. | As minimal pairs. Morphemes that differ in only one segment. EX: cap and cat. |
| What are allophones? | Phonemes can have slightly different phones that can be used in their place without changing the meaning. EX: mop: whether or not you use the popping noise when you say it or not. |
| What is morphemic transcription? | Identification of meaningful units. EX: cats-cat+s |
| What is phonemic transcription? | Identification of sound segments that have linguistic significance in the speaker's language. Step 2. |
| What is phonetic transcription? | Identification of allophonic variations in a speaker' s pattern of sounds. |
| What is orthography? | Conventional written spelling. EX: color versus colour. |
| What is an allograph? | Different letters or letter combinations that represent the same phenome. EX: anxious and sheep. |
| Tell me about IPA. | It originally came out in the 1800's and has over 100 symbols. Includes vowels, diactrics, and consonants. |
| What are diactric marks? | Special marks that indicate modification of a sound. |
| What is phonology? | The study of systematic organization of sounds in languages. Rules for sounds. |
| What is articulatory phonetics? | Study of how phonemes are formed by the movement of speech structures. |
| What is acoustic phonetics? | Study of physical properties of sounds as they are transmitted and encoded. |
| What is a syllable? | Brings together a collection of sounds to units. |
| How can the structure of a syllable be described? | Withe C's (consonants) and V's (vowels). They are larger than a phenome but not a complete word. |
| Open syllable. | SEE is CV structure. |
| Closed syllable | SEAT is CVC structure. |
| What is a syllable made of? | An onset, nucleus, and coda. |
| What is an onset syllable? | Consonant. |
| What is a coda of a syllable? | Consonant. |
| What is the nucleus of a syllable? | The middle of a syllable. |
| What are monosyllabic syllables? | One syllable. EX: fly |
| What are disyllabic syllables? | Two syllables. EX: butter |
| What are polysyllabic syllables? | Three or more syllable. EX: butterfly. |
| What is broad transcription? | Using IPA to indicate how speech is produced. |
| What is narrow transcription? | More detail and the use of smaller symbols to show how a sound is produced. |
| Chapter 4 | Chapter 4 |
| What are vowels? | Speech sounds that are formed without significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities. (an open vocal tract)). Serves as a syllable nucleus. Usually voiced meaning the vocal folds vibrate, exceptions would be whispering. |
| What are montphthongs? | One sound pure vowel with an unchanging sound quality. EX: who, hid, had. |
| What are diphthongs? | Two sounds vowel produced with a change in sound quality and articulator. EX: eye, hey, how. |
| What is the vowel quadrilateral? | A plot depicting tongue heigh and advancement during production of vowels. |
| What are high vowels? | Tongue is close to the rood of the mouth or high in the oral cavity. EX: he, had, who, ha. |
| What are low vowels? | Tongue is further from the roof of the mouth or low in the oral cavity; jaw is lower. EX: he, had, who, ha |
| What are front vowels? | Tongue is forward within the oral cavity. EX: he, who, had, ha. |
| What are back vowels? | Tongue is further back within the oral cavity. |
| What are the front vowels and an example of each? | /i/ leaf (tense), /I/ win (lax), /e/ donate (tense), /E/ Kent (lax), and /AE/ cart (lax). |
| How are tense vowels produced? | With increased muscle tension and are typically longer in duration. |
| /e/ versus /eI/ | /e/ is used when a long a sound falls on a syllable that does not have primary stress. If a long a sound falls on the primary stress syllable for example face, then the /eI/ is used. |
Created by:
ldunlap4