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basic chem
chap 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that has weight (mass) and takes up space (living and nonliving things) |
| elements | the smallest units of matter with specific chemical properties |
| atoms | the smallest unit of an element |
| chemical bonds | attractions between two or more atoms by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons. |
| nucleus | containing protons and neutrons, and electrons in orbit around the nucleus |
| protons | positive charge + equal in size to neutrons |
| neutrons | uncharged - no charge |
| electrons | negative charge + smaller than protons and neutrons |
| ions | atoms that gain or lose one or more electrons and become charged |
| atomic number | number of PROTONS in the atoms |
| mass number | number of PROTONS + NEUTRONS in the nucleus of an atom |
| isotopes | atoms with the same atomic number, but different mass numbers |
| atomic weight | the average of the mass numbers present in the sample |
| shells | areas of space around the nucleus |
| first shell (closet to the nucleus) | holds a maximum of two electrons |
| second and third shells | holds a maximum of eight electrons |
| isotope example | carbon atoms have 6 protons, but may have 6, 7, or 8 neutrons. |
| stable and chemically inert (inactive) | atoms of elements that have their outermost shells filled |
| reactive | atoms with incompletely filled outermost shells |
| ionic bond | oppositely-charged ions attract each other |
| covalent bonds | formed by carbon and hydrogen + when atoms share electrons, in order to fill their outermost shells and become stable |
| single covalent bond | one pair of electrons shared between two atoms |
| double covalent bond | two pairs of electrons shared between atoms |
| triple covalent bond | three pairs of electrons shared between atoms |
| polar covalent bonds | which the electrons are not shared equally, but reside closer to one of the atoms in the bond |
| polar molecules | molecules with unequal charge distribution + contain equal numbers of protons and electrons |
| hydrogen bond | forms the relatively weak attraction between the slightly positive end of a polar molecule and the slight negative end of a nearby polar molecule |
| molecule | formed when two or more atoms form a chemical bond |
| compound | atoms of different elements combine |
| molecular formula | represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule |
| structural formulas | can be used to illustrate how atoms are joined and arranged in molecules |
| chemical reaction | occurs as bonds are formed or broken between atoms, ions, or molecules |
| reactants | substances that are changed by the reaction |
| products | substances that formed after the reaction |
| synthesis reactions | two or more atoms or molecules bond together, forming a more complex product |
| decomposition reactions | larger molecules are broken into smaller ones, by breaking chemical bonds |
| exchange reactions | occur as parts of molecules switch places, by breaking chemical bonds and forming new ones |
| reversible reactions | the products can change back into the reactants; they are symbolized by using double arrows |
| catalysts | influence the speed of chemical reactions without being used up in the process |
| enzymes | catalysts in the body |
| electrolytes | substances that release ions in water + can carry electric charge in the body |
| dissociate | when ionically bound substances are put into water |
| acids | electrolytes that release hydrogen ions |
| bases | electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions |
| pH | represents the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution |
| pH scale | runs from 0 to 14, and measures hydrogen ion concentration |
| neutral | pH of 7 with equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions |
| acidic | ph in the range of 0 to <7 indicates the presence of more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions |
| basic or akaline | pH in the range in >7 to 14 indicates the presence of more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions |
| buffers | chemicals that combine with excess acids or bases to help minimize pH changes in body fluids |
| organic | contain both hydrogen and carbon; many dissolve in water, but DOES NOT release ions |
| non-electrolytes | compounds when dissolved in water, but do not release ions |
| organic substances | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| inorganic | all other compounds not containing carbon and hydrogen; usually dissolve in water and release ions |
| inorganic substances | water, carbon dioxide, and salts |
| solvent | a substance in which other substances dissolve |
| solutes | dissolved substances |
| oxygen | release energy from nutrients; this energy is used to drive the cell's metabolism; inspired into the lungs |
| carbon dioxide | released as a waste product during energy-releasing metabolic reactions; expired from the lungs |
| salts | compounds consisting of oppositely charged ions; helps nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and transport of substances across cell membranes |
| carbohydrates | provides energy cellular activities and materials for synthesizing various cell structures; stored as energy reserves |
| monosaccharides | (simple sugars) the smallest carbohydrates; contain 5 to 6 carbon atoms; glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose |
| disaccharides | (double sugars) consist of 2 simple sugars; lactose, sucrose, maltose |
| polysaccharides | (many simple sugars) consist of many glucose molecules joined together; glycogen, starch |
| lipids | organic substances that are insoluble in water; includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids |
| triglycerides | (fats) most abundant type of lipids; store and supply energy for cellular function; consists of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| saturated fatty acids | fatty acids with all single carbon-carbon bonds; more abundant in fatty foods such as: butter, lard, and animal fats |
| unsaturated fatty acids | those with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms |
| phospholipids | consist of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group; the head is hydrophilic and the fatty acid tail is hydrophobic |
| hydrophilic | likes the water |
| hydrophobic | does not like the water |
| steroids | complex structures containing four carbon rings |
| cholesterol | very important steroid; used to synthesize the sex hormones and several hormones from the adrenal glands |
| proteins | organic compounds contatining, C, O,H, and N atoms; structural materials, energy sources, certain hormones, receptors on cell membranes, antibodies, and enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins; contains a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side chain called the R group |
| polypeptide chains | when <100 to >5000 amino acids bind together to form |
| primary structure | the sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | pleated or twisted coil structure, resulting from hydrogen bonds between some of the amino acids |
| tertiary structure | unique folded structure of a protein, due to attractions between amino acids in different parts of the protein molecule |
| quaternary structure | found only in proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain; hemoglobin consists of 4 polypeptide chains |
| conformation | unique 3-dimensional shape of a protein; determines function of a protein; can be long and fibrous or globular |
| denaturation | irreversible disruption of a protein's shape, and loss of function; cause by pH changes, excessive temp changes, radiation, or chemicals |
| nucleic acids | large organic molecules; forms genes and participate in protein synthesis; chains of nucleotides |
| nucleotides | contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which form building blocks; consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of give nitrogenous bases |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | single-stranded, functions in protein synthesis, nucleotides contain the sugar, ribose |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | modification of RNA that contains three phosphate groups, stores and provides energy for chemical reactions in the body |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | double-stranded, twisted into a spiral, held together with hydrogen bonds; stores genetic code in genes, contains the sugar deoxyribose |
Created by:
azmber
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