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RH FINAL EXAM REVIEW
CHEMISTRY 1405 FINAL EXAM VOCABULARY REVIEW
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the smallest possible unit of matter that cannot be further broken down by chemical or physical means? | atom |
| What is a horizontal row on the periodic chart called? | series or period |
| What is a vertical row on the periodic chart called? | family or group |
| What particles are contained in the nucleus of an atom? | protons and neutrons |
| Which element's atoms all have thirteen protons? | aluminum |
| What is the general name of a substance composed of a chemical combination of two or more elements? | compound |
| What is the necessary reactant along with the fuel for a combustion reaction? | oxygen gas |
| What is the base unit for measuring length in the metric system? | meter |
| What is the base unit for measuring mass in the metric system? | gram |
| What is the general name for carbon-containing compounds that were once part of living things and are now found in soil? | organic compounds |
| What family of elements do sodium, lithium, and potassium belong to? | alkali metals |
| What family of elements do fluorine and chlorine belong to? | halogens |
| Which family of elements are generally nonreactive and do not tend to form compounds? | noble gases |
| Which electrons are typically involved in chemical reactions? | valence electrons |
| How, in general, are the electrons distributed in a polar covalent bond? | unequally between atoms |
| What are two atoms having the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons called? | isotopes |
| How do you determine the mass number of an atom? | add up the number of protons and the number of neutrons |
| How many bonds do carbons atoms form? | four |
| What is the molecular geometry of methane? | tetrahedral |
| How many valence electrons are in a carbon atom? | four |
| Generally what type of materials will dissolve in a nonpolar solvent? | a nonpolar solute |
| What is the name of a substance that forms a solution which conducts electricity in water? | electrolyte |
| What concentration unit is used when the moles of a solute is divided by the liters of solution? | molarity |
| What is the movement of water molecules across a membrane from an area of lower ion concentration to an area of higher concentration called? | osmosis |
| What are three common strong acids? | hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid |
| If the pH of a solution is greater than seven, what type of solution is present in general? | a basic solution |
| What is used in the Bohr model of hydrogen to "house" the electrons? | energy levels |
| What does oxidation involve? | loss of electrons |
| Which electrons are typically involved in chemical reactions? | valence electrons or outer shell electrons |
| What two categories of biomolecules are most antioxidants included in? | vitamins and enzymes |
| What is the narrow region of wavelengths in the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum called? | visible region |
| In a combustion reaction of a flammable organic compound, what are the two major products? | water and carbon dioxide |
| What nuclear process takes place on the sun? | fusion |
| What type of atom has an unstable nucleas and is likely to spontaneously undergo a nuclear reaction? | radioactive atom |
| What nuclear process occurs when a large unstable nucleus splits to form two or more smaller nuclei? | fission |
| What type of interactions occur between molecules and are weaker than covalent bonds? | intermolecular forces |
| What compound is known as the universal solvent? | water |
| What term is used to describe the ratio of mass to volume? | density |
| What is the approximate density of water at room temperature? | one gram per milliliter |
| What happens to atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes? | it decreases |
| What is the term for a liquid with a high vapor pressure? | volatile |
| What two gases make up most of air's composition? | oxygen and nitrogen |
| What are some properties of ideal gases? | they are mostly empty space, highly compressible, and have an indefinite shape |
| What devive is used to measure atmospheric pressure? | barometer |
| What is heat transfer by direct contact called? | conduction |
| What happens to a neutral atom if it gains one or more electrons? | It will become negatively charged and is called an anion |
| What type of bonding occurs when electrons are shared between atoms? | covalent |
| What happens to the number of hydrogen ions when an acid ionizes in water? | they increase |
| Where are the electrons located in the ground state of an atom? | the lowest possible energy levels |
| What do organic chemists call molecules containing unpaired electrons in general? | free radicals |
| What type of electromagnetic energy has the greatest energy? | gamma rays |
| What is the half-life of a radioactive sample? | the time required for one-half of a radioactive sample to decay |
| What is the amount of radioactive material needed to sustain a chain reaction called? | critical mass |
| Is salt water more or less dense than pure distilled water? | more |
| What percentage of air is oxygen? | approximately twenty percent |
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rshowe
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